1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE chapter SYSTEM "chapter.dtd">
<chapter>
<header>
<copyright>
<year>2003</year><year>2017</year>
<holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder>
</copyright>
<legalnotice>
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
</legalnotice>
<title>Distributed Erlang</title>
<prepared></prepared>
<docno></docno>
<date></date>
<rev></rev>
<file>distributed.xml</file>
</header>
<section>
<title>Distributed Erlang System</title>
<p>A <em>distributed Erlang system</em> consists of a number of
Erlang runtime systems communicating with each other. Each such
runtime system is called a <em>node</em>. Message passing between
processes at different nodes, as well as links and monitors, are
transparent when pids are used. Registered names, however, are
local to each node. This means that the node must be specified as well
when sending messages, and so on, using registered names.</p>
<p>The distribution mechanism is implemented using TCP/IP sockets.
How to implement an alternative carrier is described in the
<seealso marker="erts:alt_dist">ERTS User's Guide</seealso>.</p>
<warning>
<p>
Starting a distributed node without also specifying
<seealso marker="erts:erl#proto_dist"><c>-proto_dist inet_tls</c></seealso>
will expose the node to attacks that may give the attacker
complete access to the node and in extension the cluster.
When using un-secure distributed nodes, make sure that the
network is configured to keep potential attackers out.
See the <seealso marker="ssl:ssl_distribution">
Using SSL for Erlang Distribution</seealso> User's Guide
for details on how to setup a secure distributed node.
</p>
</warning>
</section>
<section>
<title>Nodes</title>
<p>A <em>node</em> is an executing Erlang runtime system that has
been given a name, using the command-line flag <c>-name</c>
(long names) or <c>-sname</c> (short names).</p>
<p>The format of the node name is an atom <c>name@host</c>.
<c>name</c> is the name given by the user. <c>host</c> is
the full host name if long names are used, or the first part of
the host name if short names are used. <c>node()</c> returns
the name of the node.</p>
<p><em>Example:</em></p>
<pre>
% <input>erl -name dilbert</input>
([email protected])1> <input>node().</input>
'[email protected]'
% <input>erl -sname dilbert</input>
(dilbert@uab)1> <input>node().</input>
dilbert@uab</pre>
<note>
<p>A node with a long node name cannot communicate with a node
with a short node name.</p>
</note>
</section>
<section>
<title>Node Connections</title>
<p>The nodes in a distributed Erlang system are loosely connected.
The first time the name of another node is used, for example, if
<c>spawn(Node,M,F,A)</c> or <c>net_adm:ping(Node)</c> is called,
a connection attempt to that node is made.</p>
<p>Connections are by default transitive. If a node A connects to
node B, and node B has a connection to node C, then node A
also tries to connect to node C. This feature can be turned off by
using the command-line flag <c>-connect_all false</c>, see the
<seealso marker="erts:erl">erl(1)</seealso> manual page in ERTS.</p>
<p>If a node goes down, all connections to that node are removed.
Calling <c>erlang:disconnect_node(Node)</c> forces disconnection
of a node.</p>
<p>The list of (visible) nodes currently connected to is returned by
<c>nodes()</c>.</p>
</section>
<section>
<title>epmd</title>
<p>The Erlang Port Mapper Daemon <em>epmd</em> is automatically
started at every host where an Erlang node is started. It is
responsible for mapping the symbolic node names to machine
addresses. See the
<seealso marker="erts:epmd">epmd(1)</seealso> manual page in ERTS.</p>
</section>
<section>
<title>Hidden Nodes</title>
<p>In a distributed Erlang system, it is sometimes useful to
connect to a node without also connecting to all other nodes.
An example is some kind of O&M functionality used to
inspect the status of a system, without disturbing it. For this
purpose, a <em>hidden node</em> can be used.</p>
<p>A hidden node is a node started with the command-line flag
<c>-hidden</c>. Connections between hidden nodes and other nodes
are not transitive, they must be set up explicitly. Also, hidden
nodes does not show up in the list of nodes returned by
<c>nodes()</c>. Instead, <c>nodes(hidden)</c> or
<c>nodes(connected)</c> must be used. This means, for example,
that the hidden node is not added to the set of nodes that
<c>global</c> is keeping track of.</p>
<p>This feature was added in Erlang 5.0/OTP R7.</p>
</section>
<section>
<title>C Nodes</title>
<p>A <em>C node</em> is a C program written to act as a hidden node
in a distributed Erlang system. The library <em>Erl_Interface</em>
contains functions for this purpose. For more information about
C nodes, see the <seealso marker="erl_interface:ei_users_guide">
Erl_Interface</seealso> application and
<seealso marker="doc/tutorial:introduction#interoperability tutorial">
Interoperability Tutorial.</seealso>.</p>
</section>
<section>
<title>Security</title>
<p>Authentication determines which nodes are allowed to communicate
with each other. In a network of different Erlang nodes, it is
built into the system at the lowest possible level. Each node has
its own <em>magic cookie</em>, which is an Erlang atom.</p>
<p>When a node tries to connect to another node, the magic cookies
are compared. If they do not match, the connected node rejects
the connection.</p>
<p>At start-up, a node has a random atom assigned as its magic
cookie and the cookie of other nodes is assumed to be
<c>nocookie</c>. The first action of the Erlang network
authentication server (<c>auth</c>) is then to read a file named
<c>$HOME/.erlang.cookie</c>. If the file does not exist, it is
created. The UNIX permissions mode of the file is set to octal
400 (read-only by user) and its contents are a random string. An
atom <c>Cookie</c> is created from the contents of the file and
the cookie of the local node is set to this using
<c>erlang:set_cookie(node(), Cookie)</c>. This also makes
the local node assume that all other nodes have the same cookie
<c>Cookie</c>.</p>
<p>Thus, groups of users with identical cookie files get Erlang
nodes that can communicate freely and without interference from
the magic cookie system. Users who want to run nodes on separate
file systems must make certain that their cookie files are
identical on the different file systems.</p>
<p>For a node <c>Node1</c> with magic cookie <c>Cookie</c> to be
able to connect to, or accept a connection from, another node
<c>Node2</c> with a different cookie <c>DiffCookie</c>,
the function <c>erlang:set_cookie(Node2, DiffCookie)</c> must
first be called at <c>Node1</c>. Distributed systems with
multiple user IDs can be handled in this way.</p>
<p>The default when a connection is established between two nodes,
is to immediately connect all other visible nodes as well. This
way, there is always a fully connected network. If there are
nodes with different cookies, this method can be inappropriate
and the command-line flag <c>-connect_all false</c> must be set,
see the <seealso marker="erts:erl">erl(1)</seealso>
manual page in ERTS.</p>
<p>The magic cookie of the local node is retrieved by calling
<c>erlang:get_cookie()</c>.</p>
</section>
<section>
<title>Distribution BIFs</title>
<p>Some useful BIFs for distributed programming
(for more information, see the <seealso marker="erts:erlang">
erlang(3)</seealso> manual page in ERTS:</p>
<table>
<row>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><em>BIF</em></cell>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><em>Description</em></cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>erlang:disconnect_node(Node)</c></cell>
<cell align="left" valign="middle">Forces the disconnection of a node.</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>erlang:get_cookie()</c></cell>
<cell align="left" valign="middle">Returns the magic cookie of the current node.</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>is_alive()</c></cell>
<cell align="left" valign="middle">Returns <c>true</c> if the runtime system is a node and can connect to other nodes, <c>false</c> otherwise.</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>monitor_node(Node, true|false)</c></cell>
<cell align="left" valign="middle">Monitors the status of
<c>Node</c>. A message<c>{nodedown, Node}</c> is received
if the connection to it is lost.</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>node()</c></cell>
<cell align="left" valign="middle">Returns the name of the current node. Allowed in guards.</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>node(Arg)</c></cell>
<cell align="left" valign="middle">Returns the node where <c>Arg</c>, a pid, reference, or port, is located.</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>nodes()</c></cell>
<cell align="left" valign="middle">Returns a list of all visible nodes this node is connected to.</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>nodes(Arg)</c></cell>
<cell align="left" valign="middle">Depending on <c>Arg</c>,
this function can return a list not only of visible nodes,
but also hidden nodes and previously known nodes, and so on.</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>erlang:set_cookie(Node, Cookie)</c></cell>
<cell align="left" valign="middle">Sets the magic cookie used
when connecting to <c>Node</c>. If <c>Node</c> is the
current node, <c>Cookie</c> is used when connecting to
all new nodes.</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>spawn[_link|_opt](Node, Fun)</c></cell>
<cell align="left" valign="middle">Creates a process at a remote node.</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>spawn[_link|opt](Node, Module, FunctionName, Args)</c></cell>
<cell align="left" valign="middle">Creates a process at a remote node.</cell>
</row>
<tcaption>Distribution BIFs</tcaption>
</table>
</section>
<section>
<title>Distribution Command-Line Flags</title>
<p>Examples of command-line flags used for distributed programming
(for more information, see the <seealso marker="erts:erl">erl(1)
</seealso> manual page in ERTS:</p>
<table>
<row>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><em>Command-Line Flag</em></cell>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><em>Description</em></cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>-connect_all false</c></cell>
<cell align="left" valign="middle">Only explicit connection
set-ups are used.</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>-hidden</c></cell>
<cell align="left" valign="middle">Makes a node into a hidden node.</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>-name Name</c></cell>
<cell align="left" valign="middle">Makes a runtime system into a node, using long node names.</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>-setcookie Cookie</c></cell>
<cell align="left" valign="middle">Same as calling <c>erlang:set_cookie(node(), Cookie)</c>.</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>-sname Name</c></cell>
<cell align="left" valign="middle">Makes a runtime system into a node, using short node names.</cell>
</row>
<tcaption>Distribution Command-Line Flags</tcaption>
</table>
</section>
<section>
<title>Distribution Modules</title>
<p>Examples of modules useful for distributed programming:</p>
<p>In the Kernel application:</p>
<table>
<row>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><em>Module</em></cell>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><em>Description</em></cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>global</c></cell>
<cell align="left" valign="middle">A global name registration facility.</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>global_group</c></cell>
<cell align="left" valign="middle">Grouping nodes to global name registration groups.</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>net_adm</c></cell>
<cell align="left" valign="middle">Various Erlang net administration routines.</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>net_kernel</c></cell>
<cell align="left" valign="middle">Erlang networking kernel.</cell>
</row>
<tcaption>Kernel Modules Useful For Distribution.</tcaption>
</table>
<p>In the STDLIB application:</p>
<table>
<row>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><em>Module</em></cell>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><em>Description</em></cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell align="left" valign="middle"><c>slave</c></cell>
<cell align="left" valign="middle">Start and control of slave nodes.</cell>
</row>
<tcaption>STDLIB Modules Useful For Distribution.</tcaption>
</table>
</section>
</chapter>
|
