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author | Loïc Hoguin <[email protected]> | 2017-10-03 13:39:41 +0200 |
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committer | Loïc Hoguin <[email protected]> | 2017-10-03 13:39:41 +0200 |
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diff --git a/articles/xerl-0.1-empty-modules/index.html b/articles/xerl-0.1-empty-modules/index.html index 0a113770..c541ecdc 100644 --- a/articles/xerl-0.1-empty-modules/index.html +++ b/articles/xerl-0.1-empty-modules/index.html @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ <meta name="description" content=""> <meta name="author" content="Loïc Hoguin based on a design from (Soft10) Pol Cámara"> - <meta name="generator" content="Hugo 0.17" /> + <meta name="generator" content="Hugo 0.26" /> <title>Nine Nines: Xerl: empty modules</title> @@ -74,144 +74,144 @@ </p> </header> -<div class="paragraph"><p>Let’s build a programming language. I call it Xerl: eXtended ERLang.
-It’ll be an occasion for us to learn a few things, especially me.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Unlike in Erlang, in this language, everything is an expression.
-This means that modules and functions are expression, and indeed that
-you can have more than one module per file.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>We are just starting, so let’s no go ahead of ourselves here. We’ll
-begin with writing the code allowing us to compile an empty module.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>We will compile to Core Erlang: this is one of the many intermediate
-step your Erlang code compiles to before it becomes BEAM machine code.
-Core Erlang is a very neat language for machine generated code, and we
-will learn many things about it.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Today we will only focus on compiling the following code:</p></div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
-by Lorenzo Bettini
-http://www.lorenzobettini.it
-http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
-<pre><tt><span style="color: #FF6600">mod</span> <span style="color: #FF6600">my_module</span>
-<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">begin</span></span>
-<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Compilation will be done in a few steps. First, the source file will
-be transformed in a tree of tokens by the lexer. Then, the parser will
-use that tree of tokens and convert it to the AST, bringing semantical
-meaning to our representation. Finally, the code generator will transform
-this AST to Core Erlang AST, which will then be compiled.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>We will use <em>leex</em> for the lexer. This lexer uses .xrl files
-which are then compiled to .erl files that you can then compile to BEAM.
-The file is divided in three parts: definitions, rules and Erlang code.
-Definitions and Erlang code are obvious; rules are what concerns us.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>We only need two things: atoms and whitespaces. Atoms are a lowercase
-letter followed by any letter, number, _ or @. Whitespace is either a
-space, an horizontal tab, \r or \n. There exists other kinds of whitespaces
-but we simply do not allow them in the Xerl language.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Rules consist of a regular expression followed by Erlang code. The
-latter must return a token representation or the atom <code>skip_token</code>.</p></div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
-by Lorenzo Bettini
-http://www.lorenzobettini.it
-http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
-<pre><tt>{<span style="color: #009900">L</span>}{<span style="color: #009900">A</span>}<span style="color: #990000">*</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>
- <span style="color: #009900">Atom</span> <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">list_to_atom</span></span>(<span style="color: #009900">TokenChars</span>),
- {<span style="color: #FF6600">token</span>, <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">case</span></span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">reserved_word</span></span>(<span style="color: #009900">Atom</span>) <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">of</span></span>
- <span style="color: #000080">true</span> <span style="color: #990000">-></span> {<span style="color: #009900">Atom</span>, <span style="color: #009900">TokenLine</span>};
- <span style="color: #000080">false</span> <span style="color: #990000">-></span> {<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">atom</span></span>, <span style="color: #009900">TokenLine</span>, <span style="color: #009900">Atom</span>}
- <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>}<span style="color: #990000">.</span>
-
-{<span style="color: #009900">WS</span>}<span style="color: #990000">+</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span> <span style="color: #FF6600">skip_token</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span></tt></pre></div></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>The first rule matches an atom, which is converted to either a special
-representation for reserved words, or an atom tuple. The
-<code>TokenChars</code> variable represents the match as a string, and
-the <code>TokenLine</code> variable contains the line number.
-<a href="https://github.com/extend/xerl/blob/0.1/src/xerl_lexer.xrl">View the complete file</a>.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>We obtain the following result from the lexer:</p></div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
-by Lorenzo Bettini
-http://www.lorenzobettini.it
-http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
-<pre><tt>[{<span style="color: #FF6600">mod</span>,<span style="color: #993399">1</span>},{<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">atom</span></span>,<span style="color: #993399">1</span>,<span style="color: #FF6600">my_module</span>},{<span style="color: #FF6600">'begin'</span>,<span style="color: #993399">2</span>},{<span style="color: #FF6600">'end'</span>,<span style="color: #993399">3</span>}]</tt></pre></div></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>The second step is to parse this list of tokens to add semantic meaning
-and generate what is called an <em>abstract syntax tree</em>. We will be
-using the <em>yecc</em> parser generator for this. This time it will take
-.yrl files but the process is the same as before. The file is a little
-more complex than for the lexer, we need to define at the very least
-terminals, nonterminals and root symbols, the grammar itself, and
-optionally some Erlang code.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>To compile our module, we need a few things. First, everything is an
-expression. We thus need list of expressions and individual expressions.
-We will support a single expression for now, the <code>mod</code>
-expression which defines a module. And that’s it! We end up with the
-following grammar:</p></div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
-by Lorenzo Bettini
-http://www.lorenzobettini.it
-http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
-<pre><tt><span style="color: #FF6600">exprs</span> <span style="color: #990000">-></span> <span style="color: #FF6600">expr</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span> [<span style="color: #FF6600">'$1'</span>]<span style="color: #990000">.</span>
-<span style="color: #FF6600">exprs</span> <span style="color: #990000">-></span> <span style="color: #FF6600">expr</span> <span style="color: #FF6600">exprs</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span> [<span style="color: #FF6600">'$1'</span> | <span style="color: #FF6600">'$2'</span>]<span style="color: #990000">.</span>
-
-<span style="color: #FF6600">expr</span> <span style="color: #990000">-></span> <span style="color: #FF6600">module</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span> <span style="color: #FF6600">'$1'</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span>
-
-<span style="color: #FF6600">module</span> <span style="color: #990000">-></span> <span style="color: #FF6600">'mod'</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">atom</span></span> <span style="color: #FF6600">'begin'</span> <span style="color: #FF6600">'end'</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>
- {<span style="color: #FF6600">'mod'</span>, <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">?line</span></span>(<span style="color: #FF6600">'$1'</span>), <span style="color: #FF6600">'$2'</span>, []}<span style="color: #990000">.</span></tt></pre></div></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p><a href="https://github.com/extend/xerl/blob/0.1/src/xerl_parser.yrl">View the complete file</a>.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>We obtain the following result from the parser:</p></div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
-by Lorenzo Bettini
-http://www.lorenzobettini.it
-http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
-<pre><tt>[{<span style="color: #FF6600">mod</span>,<span style="color: #993399">1</span>,{<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">atom</span></span>,<span style="color: #993399">1</span>,<span style="color: #FF6600">my_module</span>},[]}]</tt></pre></div></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>We obtain a list of a single <code>mod</code> expression. Just like
-we wanted. Last step is generating the Core Erlang code from it.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>Code generation generally is comprised of several steps. We will
-discuss these in more details later on. For now, we will focus on the
-minimal needed for successful compilation.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>We can use the <code>cerl</code> module to generate Core Erlang AST.
-We will simply be using functions, which allows us to avoid learning
-and keeping up to date with the internal representation.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>There’s one important thing to do when generating Core Erlang AST
-for a module: create the <code>module_info/{0,1}</code> functions.
-Indeed, these are added to Erlang before it becomes Core Erlang, and
-so we need to replicate this ourselves. Do not be concerned however,
-as this only takes a few lines of extra code.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>As you can see by
-<a href="https://github.com/extend/xerl/blob/0.1/src/xerl_codegen.erl">looking at the complete file</a>,
-the code generator echoes the grammar we defined in the parser, and
-simply applies the appropriate Core Erlang functions for each expressions.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>We obtain the following pretty-printed Core Erlang generated code:</p></div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
-by Lorenzo Bettini
-http://www.lorenzobettini.it
-http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
-<pre><tt><span style="color: #FF6600">module</span> <span style="color: #FF6600">'my_module'</span> [<span style="color: #FF6600">'module_info'</span><span style="color: #990000">/</span><span style="color: #993399">0</span>,
- <span style="color: #FF6600">'module_info'</span><span style="color: #990000">/</span><span style="color: #993399">1</span>]
- <span style="color: #FF6600">attributes</span> []
-<span style="color: #FF6600">'module_info'</span><span style="color: #990000">/</span><span style="color: #993399">0</span> <span style="color: #990000">=</span>
- <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">fun</span></span> () <span style="color: #990000">-></span>
- <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">call</span></span> <span style="color: #FF6600">'erlang'</span><span style="color: #990000">:</span><span style="color: #FF6600">'get_module_info'</span>
- (<span style="color: #FF6600">'empty_module'</span>)
-<span style="color: #FF6600">'module_info'</span><span style="color: #990000">/</span><span style="color: #993399">1</span> <span style="color: #990000">=</span>
- <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">fun</span></span> (<span style="color: #009900">Key</span>) <span style="color: #990000">-></span>
- <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">call</span></span> <span style="color: #FF6600">'erlang'</span><span style="color: #990000">:</span><span style="color: #FF6600">'get_module_info'</span>
- (<span style="color: #FF6600">'empty_module'</span>, <span style="color: #009900">Key</span>)
-<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>For convenience I added all the steps in a <code>xerl:compile/1</code>
-function that you can use against your own .xerl files.</p></div>
-<div class="paragraph"><p>That’s it for today! We will go into more details over each steps in
-the next few articles.</p></div>
-<div class="ulist"><ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<a href="https://github.com/extend/xerl/blob/0.1/">View the source</a>
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Let’s build a programming language. I call it Xerl: eXtended ERLang. +It’ll be an occasion for us to learn a few things, especially me.</p></div> +<div class="paragraph"><p>Unlike in Erlang, in this language, everything is an expression. +This means that modules and functions are expression, and indeed that +you can have more than one module per file.</p></div> +<div class="paragraph"><p>We are just starting, so let’s no go ahead of ourselves here. We’ll +begin with writing the code allowing us to compile an empty module.</p></div> +<div class="paragraph"><p>We will compile to Core Erlang: this is one of the many intermediate +step your Erlang code compiles to before it becomes BEAM machine code. +Core Erlang is a very neat language for machine generated code, and we +will learn many things about it.</p></div> +<div class="paragraph"><p>Today we will only focus on compiling the following code:</p></div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8 +by Lorenzo Bettini +http://www.lorenzobettini.it +http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --> +<pre><tt><span style="color: #FF6600">mod</span> <span style="color: #FF6600">my_module</span> +<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">begin</span></span> +<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre></div></div> +<div class="paragraph"><p>Compilation will be done in a few steps. First, the source file will +be transformed in a tree of tokens by the lexer. Then, the parser will +use that tree of tokens and convert it to the AST, bringing semantical +meaning to our representation. Finally, the code generator will transform +this AST to Core Erlang AST, which will then be compiled.</p></div> +<div class="paragraph"><p>We will use <em>leex</em> for the lexer. This lexer uses .xrl files +which are then compiled to .erl files that you can then compile to BEAM. +The file is divided in three parts: definitions, rules and Erlang code. +Definitions and Erlang code are obvious; rules are what concerns us.</p></div> +<div class="paragraph"><p>We only need two things: atoms and whitespaces. Atoms are a lowercase +letter followed by any letter, number, _ or @. Whitespace is either a +space, an horizontal tab, \r or \n. There exists other kinds of whitespaces +but we simply do not allow them in the Xerl language.</p></div> +<div class="paragraph"><p>Rules consist of a regular expression followed by Erlang code. The +latter must return a token representation or the atom <code>skip_token</code>.</p></div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8 +by Lorenzo Bettini +http://www.lorenzobettini.it +http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --> +<pre><tt>{<span style="color: #009900">L</span>}{<span style="color: #009900">A</span>}<span style="color: #990000">*</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span> + <span style="color: #009900">Atom</span> <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">list_to_atom</span></span>(<span style="color: #009900">TokenChars</span>), + {<span style="color: #FF6600">token</span>, <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">case</span></span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">reserved_word</span></span>(<span style="color: #009900">Atom</span>) <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">of</span></span> + <span style="color: #000080">true</span> <span style="color: #990000">-></span> {<span style="color: #009900">Atom</span>, <span style="color: #009900">TokenLine</span>}; + <span style="color: #000080">false</span> <span style="color: #990000">-></span> {<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">atom</span></span>, <span style="color: #009900">TokenLine</span>, <span style="color: #009900">Atom</span>} + <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>}<span style="color: #990000">.</span> + +{<span style="color: #009900">WS</span>}<span style="color: #990000">+</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span> <span style="color: #FF6600">skip_token</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span></tt></pre></div></div> +<div class="paragraph"><p>The first rule matches an atom, which is converted to either a special +representation for reserved words, or an atom tuple. The +<code>TokenChars</code> variable represents the match as a string, and +the <code>TokenLine</code> variable contains the line number. +<a href="https://github.com/extend/xerl/blob/0.1/src/xerl_lexer.xrl">View the complete file</a>.</p></div> +<div class="paragraph"><p>We obtain the following result from the lexer:</p></div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8 +by Lorenzo Bettini +http://www.lorenzobettini.it +http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --> +<pre><tt>[{<span style="color: #FF6600">mod</span>,<span style="color: #993399">1</span>},{<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">atom</span></span>,<span style="color: #993399">1</span>,<span style="color: #FF6600">my_module</span>},{<span style="color: #FF6600">'begin'</span>,<span style="color: #993399">2</span>},{<span style="color: #FF6600">'end'</span>,<span style="color: #993399">3</span>}]</tt></pre></div></div> +<div class="paragraph"><p>The second step is to parse this list of tokens to add semantic meaning +and generate what is called an <em>abstract syntax tree</em>. We will be +using the <em>yecc</em> parser generator for this. This time it will take +.yrl files but the process is the same as before. The file is a little +more complex than for the lexer, we need to define at the very least +terminals, nonterminals and root symbols, the grammar itself, and +optionally some Erlang code.</p></div> +<div class="paragraph"><p>To compile our module, we need a few things. First, everything is an +expression. We thus need list of expressions and individual expressions. +We will support a single expression for now, the <code>mod</code> +expression which defines a module. And that’s it! We end up with the +following grammar:</p></div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8 +by Lorenzo Bettini +http://www.lorenzobettini.it +http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --> +<pre><tt><span style="color: #FF6600">exprs</span> <span style="color: #990000">-></span> <span style="color: #FF6600">expr</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span> [<span style="color: #FF6600">'$1'</span>]<span style="color: #990000">.</span> +<span style="color: #FF6600">exprs</span> <span style="color: #990000">-></span> <span style="color: #FF6600">expr</span> <span style="color: #FF6600">exprs</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span> [<span style="color: #FF6600">'$1'</span> | <span style="color: #FF6600">'$2'</span>]<span style="color: #990000">.</span> + +<span style="color: #FF6600">expr</span> <span style="color: #990000">-></span> <span style="color: #FF6600">module</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span> <span style="color: #FF6600">'$1'</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span> + +<span style="color: #FF6600">module</span> <span style="color: #990000">-></span> <span style="color: #FF6600">'mod'</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">atom</span></span> <span style="color: #FF6600">'begin'</span> <span style="color: #FF6600">'end'</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span> + {<span style="color: #FF6600">'mod'</span>, <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">?line</span></span>(<span style="color: #FF6600">'$1'</span>), <span style="color: #FF6600">'$2'</span>, []}<span style="color: #990000">.</span></tt></pre></div></div> +<div class="paragraph"><p><a href="https://github.com/extend/xerl/blob/0.1/src/xerl_parser.yrl">View the complete file</a>.</p></div> +<div class="paragraph"><p>We obtain the following result from the parser:</p></div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8 +by Lorenzo Bettini +http://www.lorenzobettini.it +http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --> +<pre><tt>[{<span style="color: #FF6600">mod</span>,<span style="color: #993399">1</span>,{<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">atom</span></span>,<span style="color: #993399">1</span>,<span style="color: #FF6600">my_module</span>},[]}]</tt></pre></div></div> +<div class="paragraph"><p>We obtain a list of a single <code>mod</code> expression. Just like +we wanted. Last step is generating the Core Erlang code from it.</p></div> +<div class="paragraph"><p>Code generation generally is comprised of several steps. We will +discuss these in more details later on. For now, we will focus on the +minimal needed for successful compilation.</p></div> +<div class="paragraph"><p>We can use the <code>cerl</code> module to generate Core Erlang AST. +We will simply be using functions, which allows us to avoid learning +and keeping up to date with the internal representation.</p></div> +<div class="paragraph"><p>There’s one important thing to do when generating Core Erlang AST +for a module: create the <code>module_info/{0,1}</code> functions. +Indeed, these are added to Erlang before it becomes Core Erlang, and +so we need to replicate this ourselves. Do not be concerned however, +as this only takes a few lines of extra code.</p></div> +<div class="paragraph"><p>As you can see by +<a href="https://github.com/extend/xerl/blob/0.1/src/xerl_codegen.erl">looking at the complete file</a>, +the code generator echoes the grammar we defined in the parser, and +simply applies the appropriate Core Erlang functions for each expressions.</p></div> +<div class="paragraph"><p>We obtain the following pretty-printed Core Erlang generated code:</p></div> +<div class="listingblock"> +<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8 +by Lorenzo Bettini +http://www.lorenzobettini.it +http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --> +<pre><tt><span style="color: #FF6600">module</span> <span style="color: #FF6600">'my_module'</span> [<span style="color: #FF6600">'module_info'</span><span style="color: #990000">/</span><span style="color: #993399">0</span>, + <span style="color: #FF6600">'module_info'</span><span style="color: #990000">/</span><span style="color: #993399">1</span>] + <span style="color: #FF6600">attributes</span> [] +<span style="color: #FF6600">'module_info'</span><span style="color: #990000">/</span><span style="color: #993399">0</span> <span style="color: #990000">=</span> + <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">fun</span></span> () <span style="color: #990000">-></span> + <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">call</span></span> <span style="color: #FF6600">'erlang'</span><span style="color: #990000">:</span><span style="color: #FF6600">'get_module_info'</span> + (<span style="color: #FF6600">'empty_module'</span>) +<span style="color: #FF6600">'module_info'</span><span style="color: #990000">/</span><span style="color: #993399">1</span> <span style="color: #990000">=</span> + <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">fun</span></span> (<span style="color: #009900">Key</span>) <span style="color: #990000">-></span> + <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">call</span></span> <span style="color: #FF6600">'erlang'</span><span style="color: #990000">:</span><span style="color: #FF6600">'get_module_info'</span> + (<span style="color: #FF6600">'empty_module'</span>, <span style="color: #009900">Key</span>) +<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre></div></div> +<div class="paragraph"><p>For convenience I added all the steps in a <code>xerl:compile/1</code> +function that you can use against your own .xerl files.</p></div> +<div class="paragraph"><p>That’s it for today! We will go into more details over each steps in +the next few articles.</p></div> +<div class="ulist"><ul> +<li> +<p> +<a href="https://github.com/extend/xerl/blob/0.1/">View the source</a> +</p> +</li> +</ul></div> </article> </div> @@ -220,55 +220,107 @@ the next few articles.</p></div> <h3>More articles</h3> <ul id="articles-nav" class="extra_margin"> - <li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/cowboy-2.0.0-rc.2/">Cowboy 2.0 release candidate 2</a></li> + + <li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/cowboy-2.0.0-rc.2/">Cowboy 2.0 release candidate 2</a></li> + + + + <li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/cowboy-2.0.0-rc.1/">Cowboy 2.0 release candidate 1</a></li> + - <li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/cowboy-2.0.0-rc.1/">Cowboy 2.0 release candidate 1</a></li> + + <li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/the-elephant-in-the-room/">The elephant in the room</a></li> + - <li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/the-elephant-in-the-room/">The elephant in the room</a></li> + + <li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/dont-let-it-crash/">Don't let it crash</a></li> + - 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<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/erlanger-playbook/">The Erlanger Playbook</a></li> + + <li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/erlang-validate-utf8/">Validating UTF-8 binaries with Erlang</a></li> + - <li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/erlang-validate-utf8/">Validating UTF-8 binaries with Erlang</a></li> + + <li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/on-open-source/">On open source</a></li> + - <li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/on-open-source/">On open source</a></li> + + <li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/the-story-so-far/">The story so far</a></li> + - <li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/the-story-so-far/">The story so far</a></li> + + <li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/cowboy2-qs/">Cowboy 2.0 and query strings</a></li> + - <li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/cowboy2-qs/">Cowboy 2.0 and query strings</a></li> + + <li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/january-2014-status/">January 2014 status</a></li> + - <li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/january-2014-status/">January 2014 status</a></li> + + <li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/farwest-funded/">Farwest got funded!</a></li> + - 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