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authorLoïc Hoguin <[email protected]>2016-03-28 15:36:42 +0200
committerLoïc Hoguin <[email protected]>2016-03-28 15:36:42 +0200
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tree2255b796a657e6e4dfb72beec1141258d17f1220 /index.xml
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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes" ?>
+<rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
+ <channel>
+ <title>Nine Nines</title>
+ <link>http://ninenines.eu/</link>
+ <description>Recent content on Nine Nines</description>
+ <generator>Hugo -- gohugo.io</generator>
+ <language>en-us</language>
+ <lastBuildDate>Wed, 02 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0100</lastBuildDate>
+ <atom:link href="http://ninenines.eu/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
+
+ <item>
+ <title>The Erlanger Playbook September 2015 Update</title>
+ <link>http://ninenines.eu/articles/erlanger-playbook-september-2015-update/</link>
+ <pubDate>Wed, 02 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
+
+ <guid>http://ninenines.eu/articles/erlanger-playbook-september-2015-update/</guid>
+ <description>&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;An update to The Erlanger Playbook is now available!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Erlanger Playbook is a book about software development using
+Erlang. It currently covers all areas from the conception, design,
+the writing of code, documentation and tests.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The book is still a work in progress. Future topics will include
+refactoring, debugging and tracing, benchmarking, releases, community
+management (for open source projects).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;This update fixes a number of things and adds two chapters: IOlists
+and Erlang building blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Learn more about &lt;a href=&#34;http://ninenines.eu/articles/erlanger-playbook&#34;&gt;The Erlanger Playbook&lt;/a&gt;!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;This is a self-published ebook. The base price is 50€. All proceeds
+will be used to allow me to work on open source full time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for helping me helping you help us all!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+</description>
+ </item>
+
+ <item>
+ <title>Consulting &amp; Training</title>
+ <link>http://ninenines.eu/services/</link>
+ <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
+
+ <guid>http://ninenines.eu/services/</guid>
+ <description>&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you are interested by any of these opportunities,
+&lt;a href=&#34;mailto:[email protected]&#34;&gt;send me an email&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;sect1&#34;&gt;
+&lt;h2 id=&#34;_consulting&#34;&gt;Consulting&lt;/h2&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;sectionbody&#34;&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can get me, Loïc Hoguin, author of Cowboy, to help you
+solve a problem or work on a particular project.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;My area of expertise is Erlang; HTTP, Websocket and REST APIs;
+design and implementation of protocols; and messaging systems.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I can also be helpful with testing or code reviews.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I offer both hourly and daily rates:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;ulist&#34;&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+200€ hourly rate (remote)
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/li&gt;
+&lt;li&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+1000€ daily rate (remote and on-site)
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/li&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;For remote consulting, the work can be done by phone, email,
+IRC, GitHub and/or any other platform for collaborative work.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;For on-site consulting, the travel expenses and
+accomodations are to be paid by the customer. I will also
+ask for a higher rate if forced to stay on-site for more
+than a week.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note that my expertise does not cover all areas where
+Erlang is used. My help will be limited in the areas of
+distributed databases, or large distributed systems.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;sect1&#34;&gt;
+&lt;h2 id=&#34;_sponsoring&#34;&gt;Sponsoring&lt;/h2&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;sectionbody&#34;&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can sponsor one of my projects.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sponsoring gives you:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;ulist&#34;&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+a direct, private line of communication
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/li&gt;
+&lt;li&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+the power to make me maintain older versions of my projects
+ (as long as they are sponsoring)
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/li&gt;
+&lt;li&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+priority when adding features or fixing bugs
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/li&gt;
+&lt;li&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+advertisement space on this website and in the README file
+ of the project of your choice
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/li&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sponsors may choose to benefit from any of these perks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;In exchange sponsors must contribute financially. A minimum
+of 200€ per month is required. Sponsors may give as much as
+they want. Payment can be monthly or one-time. Invoices are
+of course provided.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;sect1&#34;&gt;
+&lt;h2 id=&#34;_erlang_beginner_training&#34;&gt;Erlang beginner training&lt;/h2&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;sectionbody&#34;&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I would be happy to introduce more people to Erlang. I have
+a 1-day Erlang training readily available for consumption.
+The goal of this training is to teach the basics of Erlang
+systems and programming. It&amp;#8217;s a kind of &#34;Getting started&#34;
+for Erlang.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can review the &lt;a href=&#34;http://ninenines.eu/talks/thinking-in-erlang/thinking-in-erlang.html&#34;&gt;training slides&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;This training is meant to be given to a large number of
+people interested in Erlang, as part of a public event,
+where anyone interested can come.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Another important aspect of this training is that it is
+meant to be affordable. We want the most people to learn
+Erlang as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you have room, think you can gather 20+ people and
+are interested in sponsoring a training session, then
+we should talk.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;sect1&#34;&gt;
+&lt;h2 id=&#34;_custom_training&#34;&gt;Custom training&lt;/h2&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;sectionbody&#34;&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I can also provide custom training, tailored to your level
+and your needs. It can take the form of a class, Q&amp;amp;A or a
+code review/writing session. I need to know your expectations
+to prepare an appropriate training.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Custom training rates are the same as consulting rates and
+the same restrictions apply.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+</description>
+ </item>
+
+ <item>
+ <title>Documentation</title>
+ <link>http://ninenines.eu/docs/</link>
+ <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
+
+ <guid>http://ninenines.eu/docs/</guid>
+ <description>&lt;div class=&#34;sect2&#34;&gt;
+&lt;h3 id=&#34;_contribute&#34;&gt;Contribute&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do you have examples, tutorials, videos about one or more
+of my projects? I would happily include them on this page.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#34;mailto:[email protected]&#34;&gt;Send me an email with the details&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+</description>
+ </item>
+
+ <item>
+ <title>Donate</title>
+ <link>http://ninenines.eu/donate/</link>
+ <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
+
+ <guid>http://ninenines.eu/donate/</guid>
+ <description>&lt;div class=&#34;sect2&#34;&gt;
+&lt;h3 id=&#34;_like_my_work_donate&#34;&gt;Like my work? Donate!&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can donate via Paypal to reward me, Loïc Hoguin, for my
+work on open source software including Cowboy and Erlang.mk.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;form action=&#34;https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr&#34; method=&#34;post&#34; style=&#34;display:inline&#34;&gt;
+&lt;input type=&#34;hidden&#34; name=&#34;cmd&#34; value=&#34;_donations&#34;&gt;
+&lt;input type=&#34;hidden&#34; name=&#34;business&#34; value=&#34;[email protected]&#34;&gt;
+&lt;input type=&#34;hidden&#34; name=&#34;lc&#34; value=&#34;FR&#34;&gt;
+&lt;input type=&#34;hidden&#34; name=&#34;item_name&#34; value=&#34;Loic Hoguin&#34;&gt;
+&lt;input type=&#34;hidden&#34; name=&#34;item_number&#34; value=&#34;99s&#34;&gt;
+&lt;input type=&#34;hidden&#34; name=&#34;currency_code&#34; value=&#34;EUR&#34;&gt;
+&lt;input type=&#34;hidden&#34; name=&#34;bn&#34; value=&#34;PP-DonationsBF:btn_donate_LG.gif:NonHosted&#34;&gt;
+&lt;input type=&#34;image&#34; src=&#34;https://www.paypalobjects.com/en_US/i/btn/btn_donate_LG.gif&#34; border=&#34;0&#34; name=&#34;submit&#34; alt=&#34;PayPal - The safer, easier way to pay online!&#34;&gt;
+&lt;img alt=&#34;&#34; border=&#34;0&#34; src=&#34;https://www.paypalobjects.com/fr_FR/i/scr/pixel.gif&#34; width=&#34;1&#34; height=&#34;1&#34;&gt;
+&lt;/form&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+</description>
+ </item>
+
+ <item>
+ <title>Public talks</title>
+ <link>http://ninenines.eu/talks/</link>
+ <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
+
+ <guid>http://ninenines.eu/talks/</guid>
+ <description>&lt;div class=&#34;sect2&#34;&gt;
+&lt;h3 id=&#34;_talk_requests&#34;&gt;Talk requests&lt;/h3&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Organizing a conference and in need of a speaker for a talk
+about Erlang and the Web? Need an introduction to Erlang/OTP
+for your company? Looking for a cool subject for a user group
+meeting?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#34;mailto:[email protected]&#34;&gt;Send me an email with the details&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+</description>
+ </item>
+
+ <item>
+ <title>Slogan</title>
+ <link>http://ninenines.eu/slogan/</link>
+ <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
+
+ <guid>http://ninenines.eu/slogan/</guid>
+ <description>&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Erlanger Playbook is now available!&lt;br /&gt;
+&lt;a href=&#34;http://ninenines.eu/articles/erlanger-playbook&#34;&gt;Buy now&lt;/a&gt; — &lt;a href=&#34;http://ninenines.eu/services&#34;&gt;Become a Cowboy project sponsor&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+</description>
+ </item>
+
+ <item>
+ <title>The Erlanger Playbook</title>
+ <link>http://ninenines.eu/articles/erlanger-playbook/</link>
+ <pubDate>Thu, 18 Jun 2015 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
+
+ <guid>http://ninenines.eu/articles/erlanger-playbook/</guid>
+ <description>&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I am proud to announce the pre-release of The Erlanger Playbook.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Erlanger Playbook is a book about software development using
+Erlang. It currently covers all areas from the conception, design,
+the writing of code, documentation and tests.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The book is still a work in progress. Future topics will include
+refactoring, debugging and tracing, benchmarking, releases, community
+management (for open source projects).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The following sections are currently available:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;ulist&#34;&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+About this book; Future additions
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/li&gt;
+&lt;li&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;em&gt;Workflow:&lt;/em&gt; Think; Write; Stay productive
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/li&gt;
+&lt;li&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;em&gt;Documentation:&lt;/em&gt; On documentation; Tutorials; User guide; Manual
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/li&gt;
+&lt;li&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;em&gt;Code:&lt;/em&gt; Starting a project; Version control; Project structure; Code style; Best practices; Special processes
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/li&gt;
+&lt;li&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;em&gt;Tests:&lt;/em&gt; On testing; Success typing analysis; Manual testing; Unit testing; Functional testing
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/li&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Read a preview: &lt;a href=&#34;http://ninenines.eu/res/erlanger-preview.pdf&#34;&gt;Special processes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The book is currently just shy of 100 pages. The final version
+of the book is planned to be between 200 and 250 pages.
+A print version of the book will be considered once the final
+version gets released. The printed book is &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; included
+in the price.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;This is a self-published book. The base price is 50€. All proceeds
+will be used to allow me to work on open source full time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;form action=&#34;https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr&#34; method=&#34;post&#34; target=&#34;_top&#34;&gt;
+&lt;input type=&#34;hidden&#34; name=&#34;cmd&#34; value=&#34;_s-xclick&#34;&gt;
+&lt;input type=&#34;hidden&#34; name=&#34;hosted_button_id&#34; value=&#34;9M44HJCGX3GVN&#34;&gt;
+&lt;input type=&#34;image&#34; src=&#34;https://www.paypalobjects.com/en_US/i/btn/btn_buynowCC_LG.gif&#34; border=&#34;0&#34; name=&#34;submit&#34; alt=&#34;PayPal - The safer, easier way to pay online!&#34;&gt;
+&lt;img alt=&#34;&#34; border=&#34;0&#34; src=&#34;https://www.paypalobjects.com/fr_FR/i/scr/pixel.gif&#34; width=&#34;1&#34; height=&#34;1&#34;&gt;
+&lt;/form&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;You are more than welcome to pay extra by using this second button.
+It allows you to set the price you want. Make sure to set it to at least
+50€ to receive the book.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;form action=&#34;https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr&#34; method=&#34;post&#34; target=&#34;_top&#34;&gt;
+&lt;input type=&#34;hidden&#34; name=&#34;cmd&#34; value=&#34;_s-xclick&#34;&gt;
+&lt;input type=&#34;hidden&#34; name=&#34;hosted_button_id&#34; value=&#34;BBW9TR9LBK8C2&#34;&gt;
+&lt;input type=&#34;image&#34; src=&#34;https://www.paypalobjects.com/en_US/i/btn/btn_buynowCC_LG.gif&#34; border=&#34;0&#34; name=&#34;submit&#34; alt=&#34;PayPal - The safer, easier way to pay online!&#34;&gt;
+&lt;img alt=&#34;&#34; border=&#34;0&#34; src=&#34;https://www.paypalobjects.com/fr_FR/i/scr/pixel.gif&#34; width=&#34;1&#34; height=&#34;1&#34;&gt;
+&lt;/form&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make sure to provide a valid email address.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;There will be a &lt;strong&gt;delay&lt;/strong&gt; between payment and sending of the book.
+This process is currently manual.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;As the book is a pre-release, feedback is more than welcome. You can
+send your comments to erlanger@ this website.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The plan is to add about 20 pages every month until it is completed.
+You will receive updates to the book for free as soon as they are available.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Huge thanks for your interest in buying this book!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+</description>
+ </item>
+
+ <item>
+ <title>Validating UTF-8 binaries with Erlang</title>
+ <link>http://ninenines.eu/articles/erlang-validate-utf8/</link>
+ <pubDate>Fri, 06 Mar 2015 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
+
+ <guid>http://ninenines.eu/articles/erlang-validate-utf8/</guid>
+ <description>&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Yesterday I pushed Websocket permessage-deflate to
+Cowboy master. I also pushed
+&lt;a href=&#34;https://github.com/ninenines/cowlib/commit/7e4983b70ddf8cedb967e36fba6a600731bdad5d&#34;&gt;a
+change in the way the code validates UTF-8 data&lt;/a&gt;
+(required for text and close frames as per the spec).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;When looking into why the permessage-deflate tests
+in autobahntestsuite were taking such a long time, I
+found that autobahn is using an adaptation of the
+algorithm named &amp;lt;a href=&#34;http://bjoern.hoehrmann.de/utf-8/decoder/dfa/&#34;&amp;gt;Flexible
+and Economical UTF-8 Decoder&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;. This is the C99
+implementation:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;listingblock&#34;&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;content&#34;&gt;&lt;!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --&gt;
+&lt;pre&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// Copyright (c) 2008-2009 Bjoern Hoehrmann &amp;lt;[email protected]&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// See http://bjoern.hoehrmann.de/utf-8/decoder/dfa/ for details.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000080&#34;&gt;#define&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; UTF8_ACCEPT &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000080&#34;&gt;#define&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; UTF8_REJECT &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;
+
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;static&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;const&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #008080&#34;&gt;uint8_t&lt;/span&gt; utf8d&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF0000&#34;&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// 00..1f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// 20..3f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// 40..5f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// 60..7f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// 80..9f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// a0..bf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// c0..df&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0xa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// e0..ef&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0xb&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// f0..ff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// s0..s0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// s1..s2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// s3..s4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// s5..s6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// s7..s8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF0000&#34;&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
+
+uint32_t inline
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;decode&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;uint32_t&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt; state&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; uint32_t&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt; codep&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #008080&#34;&gt;uint32_t&lt;/span&gt; byte&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF0000&#34;&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #008080&#34;&gt;uint32_t&lt;/span&gt; type &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; utf8d&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;byte&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;];&lt;/span&gt;
+
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;codep &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;(*&lt;/span&gt;state &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; UTF8_ACCEPT&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;byte &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3fu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;|&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;(*&lt;/span&gt;codep &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0xff&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; type&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;byte&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;
+
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;state &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; utf8d&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;256&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;state&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; type&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;];&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;return&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;state&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF0000&#34;&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;And this is the Erlang implementation I came up with:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;listingblock&#34;&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;content&#34;&gt;&lt;!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --&gt;
+&lt;pre&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;%% This function returns 0 on success, 1 on error, and 2..8 on incomplete data.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;State&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;State&lt;/span&gt;;
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;192&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;192&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;192&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;192&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;192&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;194&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;224&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;224&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;225&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;237&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;237&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;=:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;238&lt;/span&gt;; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;=:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;239&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;240&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;=:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;241&lt;/span&gt;; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;=:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;242&lt;/span&gt;; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;=:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;243&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;244&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;_&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;_&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does it look similar to you? So how did we get there?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I started with a naive implementation of the original. First, we
+don&amp;#8217;t need the codepoint calculated and extracted for our validation
+function. We just want to know the data is valid, so we only need to
+calculate the next state. Then, the only thing we needed to be careful
+about was that tuples are 1-based, and that we need to stop processing
+the binary when we get the state 1 or when the binary is empty.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;listingblock&#34;&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;content&#34;&gt;&lt;!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --&gt;
+&lt;pre&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;State&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;State&lt;/span&gt;;
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;_&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;;
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;State&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000080&#34;&gt;element&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;257&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;State&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000080&#34;&gt;element&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000080&#34;&gt;?UTF8D&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;), &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000080&#34;&gt;?UTF8D&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;))&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The macro &lt;code&gt;?UTF8D&lt;/code&gt; is the tuple equivalent of the C array
+in the original code.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Compared to our previous algorithm, this performed about the same.
+In some situations a little faster, in some a little slower. In other words,
+not good enough. But because this new algorithm allows us to avoid a binary
+concatenation this warranted looking further.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;It was time to step into crazy land.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Erlang is very good at pattern matching, even more so than doing some
+arithmetic coupled by fetching elements from a tuple. So I decided I was
+going to write all possible clauses for all combinations of &lt;code&gt;C&lt;/code&gt;
+and &lt;code&gt;State&lt;/code&gt;. And by write I mean generate.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;So I opened my Erlang shell, defined the variable &lt;code&gt;D&lt;/code&gt; to be
+the tuple &lt;code&gt;?UTF8D&lt;/code&gt; with its 400 elements, and then ran the
+following expression (after a bit of trial and error):&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;listingblock&#34;&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;content&#34;&gt;&lt;!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --&gt;
+&lt;pre&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;file:write_file&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF0000&#34;&gt;&#34;out.txt&#34;&lt;/span&gt;,
+ [&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;io_lib:format&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF0000&#34;&gt;&#34;validate_utf8(&amp;lt;&amp;lt; ~p, Rest/bits &amp;gt;&amp;gt;, ~p) -&amp;gt; ~p;~n&#34;&lt;/span&gt;,
+ [&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;S&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000080&#34;&gt;element&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;257&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;S&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000080&#34;&gt;element&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;), &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;)])
+ || &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;lists:seq&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;255&lt;/span&gt;), &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;S&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;lists:seq&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;)])&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;ok&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The result is a 2304 lines long file, containing 2304 clauses.
+People who pay attention to what I say on Twitter will remember
+I said something around 3000 clauses, but that was just me not
+using the right number of states in my estimate.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;There was a little more work to be done on this generated
+code that I did using regular expressions. We need to recurse
+when the resulting state is not 1. We also need to stop when
+the binary is empty, making it the 2305th clause.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Still, 2305 is a lot. But hey, the code did work, and faster
+than the previous implementation too! But hey, perhaps I could
+find a way to reduce its size.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Removing all the clauses that return 1 and putting a catch-all
+clause at the end instead reduced the number to about 500, and
+showed that many clauses were similar:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;listingblock&#34;&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;content&#34;&gt;&lt;!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --&gt;
+&lt;pre&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;But also:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;listingblock&#34;&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;content&#34;&gt;&lt;!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --&gt;
+&lt;pre&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;157&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;157&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;157&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;157&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;157&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;158&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;158&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;158&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;158&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;158&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;);&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Patterns, my favorites!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;A little more time was spent to edit the 500 or so clauses into
+smaller equivalents, testing that performance was not impacted, and
+comitting the result.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The patterns above can be found here in the resulting function:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;listingblock&#34;&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;content&#34;&gt;&lt;!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --&gt;
+&lt;pre&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;...&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I hope you enjoyed this post.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+</description>
+ </item>
+
+ <item>
+ <title>On open source</title>
+ <link>http://ninenines.eu/articles/on-open-source/</link>
+ <pubDate>Fri, 05 Sep 2014 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
+
+ <guid>http://ninenines.eu/articles/on-open-source/</guid>
+ <description>&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Last week I read a great article
+&lt;a href=&#34;http://videlalvaro.github.io/2014/08/on-contributing-to-opensource.html&#34;&gt;on
+contributing to open source&lt;/a&gt; by Alvaro Videla. He makes
+many great points and I am in agreement with most of it.
+This made me want to properly explain my point of view with
+regard to open source and contributions. Unlike most open
+source evangelism articles I will not talk about ideals or
+any of that crap, but rather my personal feelings and
+experience.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I have been doing open source work for quite some time.
+My very first open source project was a graphics driver
+for (the very early version of) the PCSX2 emulator. That
+was more than ten years ago, and there
+&lt;a href=&#34;http://ngemu.com/threads/gstaris-0-6.30469/&#34;&gt;isn&amp;#8217;t
+much left to look at today&lt;/a&gt;. This was followed by a
+&lt;a href=&#34;https://github.com/extend/wee&#34;&gt;PHP framework&lt;/a&gt;
+(started long before Zend Framework was even a thing) and
+a few other small projects. None of them really took off.
+It&amp;#8217;s alright, that&amp;#8217;s pretty much the fate of most open
+source projects. You spend a lot of work and sweat and
+get very little in return from others.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;This sounds harsh but this is the reality of all open
+source projects. If you are thinking of building a project
+and releasing it as open source, you should be prepared
+for that. This is how most of your projects will feel like.
+Don&amp;#8217;t release a project as open source thinking everyone
+will pat you on the back and cheer, this won&amp;#8217;t happen. In
+fact if your project is a too small improvement over existing
+software, what many people will do is say you have NIH
+syndrome, regardless of the improvement you bring. So you
+need not to rely on other people in order to get your
+enjoyment out of building open source software.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;In my case I get enjoyment from thinking about problems
+that need solving. Often times the problems are already
+solved, but nevermind that, I still think about them and
+sometimes come up with something I feel is better and then
+write code for it. Writing code is also fun, but not as
+fun as using my brain to imagine solutions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;You don&amp;#8217;t need thousands of users to do that. So are
+users worthless to me then? No, of course not. In fact
+they are an important component: they bring me problems
+that need solving. So users are very important to me.
+But that&amp;#8217;s not the only reason.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I got lucky that the Cowboy project became popular.
+And seeing it be this popular, and some of my other projects
+also do quite well, made me believe I could perhaps work
+full time on open source. If I can work full time then
+I can produce better software. What I had one hour to
+work on before I can now spend a day on, and experiment
+until I am satisfied. This is very useful because that
+means I can get it almost right from the beginning, and
+avoid the million API breaking changes that occured
+before Cowboy 1.0 was released.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;To be able to work full time on open source however,
+I need money. This is a largely unspoken topic of open
+source work. The work is never free. You can download the
+product for free, but someone has to pay for the work
+itself. Life is unfortunately not free.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Large projects and some lucky people have their work
+sponsored by their employers. Everyone else has to deal
+with it differently. In my case I was sponsored for a
+while by the &lt;a href=&#34;http://leo-project.net/leofs/&#34;&gt;LeoFS&lt;/a&gt;
+project, but that ended. I also had the Farwest fundraiser,
+which was a success, although the project stalled after that.
+(Fear not, as Farwest will make a comeback as a conglomerate
+of Web development projects in the future.) After that I set
+up the &lt;a href=&#34;http://ninenines.eu/support/&#34;&gt;sponsoring scheme&lt;/a&gt;,
+which I can proudly say today brings in enough money to
+cover my food and shelter. Great!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;This is a start, but it&amp;#8217;s of course not enough. Life
+is a little more than food and shelter, and so I am still
+looking for sponsors. This is not a very glorious experience,
+as I am essentially looking for scraps that companies can
+throw away. Still, if a handful more companies were doing
+that, not only would I be able to live comfortably, but I
+would also be able to stop worrying about the future as I
+could put money on the side for when it gets rough.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;A few companies giving me some scrap money so I could
+live and work independently is by far the most important
+thing anyone can do to help my projects, including Cowboy.
+Yes, they&amp;#8217;re even more important than code contributions,
+bug reports and feedback. Because this money gives me the
+time I need to handle the code contributions, bug reports
+and feedback.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;If Cowboy or another project is a large part of your
+product or infrastructure, then the best thing you can do
+is become a sponsor. The second best is opening tickets
+and/or providing feedback. The third best is providing
+good code contributions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I will not expand on the feedback part. Feedback is
+very important, and even just a high five or a retweet
+is already good feedback. It&amp;#8217;s not very complicated.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I want to expand a little on code contributions
+however. Not long ago I ran across the term &#34;patch bomb&#34;
+which means dropping patches and expecting the project
+maintainers to merge them and maintain them. I receive
+a lot of patches, and often have to refuse them. Causes
+for refusal vary. Some patches only benefit the people
+who submitted them (or a very small number of people).
+Some patches are not refined enough to be included.
+Others are out of scope of the project. These are some
+of the reasons why I refuse patches. Having limited
+time and resources, I have to focus my efforts on the
+code used by the larger number of users. I have to
+prioritize patches from submitters who are reactive
+and address the issues pointed out. And I have to plainly
+refuse other patches.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I believe this wraps up my thoughts on open source.
+Overall I had a great experience, the Erlang community
+being nice and understanding of the issues at hand in
+general. And if the money problem could be solved soon,
+then I would be one of the luckiest and happiest open
+source developer on Earth.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Think about it the next time you see a donation button
+or a request for funds or sponsoring. You can considerably
+improve an open source developer&amp;#8217;s life with very little
+of your company&amp;#8217;s money.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+</description>
+ </item>
+
+ <item>
+ <title>The story so far</title>
+ <link>http://ninenines.eu/articles/the-story-so-far/</link>
+ <pubDate>Sat, 23 Aug 2014 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
+
+ <guid>http://ninenines.eu/articles/the-story-so-far/</guid>
+ <description>&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;As I am away from home with little to do (some call this
+a vacation) I wanted to reflect a little on the story so far,
+or how I arrived to Erlang and got to where I am now. The
+raw personal experience. It&amp;#8217;ll be an article that&amp;#8217;s more
+about social aspect, communities and marketing a project than
+technical considerations. As a period piece, it will also
+allow me to reflect on the evolution of Erlang in recent
+years.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Once upon a time-- Okay this isn&amp;#8217;t a fairy tale. The story
+begins with a short chapter in 2010. The year 2010 started
+with a fairly major event in my life: the US servers for the
+online game I stopped playing a few months before, but was
+still involved with through its community, were closing. OMG!
+Someone found a way to log packets and started working on a
+private server; meanwhile the JP servers were still up. And
+that&amp;#8217;s pretty much it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fast forward a few months and it became pretty clear that
+the private server was going nowhere considering all the drama
+surrounding it-- which is actually not unusual, but it was
+more entertaining than average and the technical abilities of
+people running the project were obviously lacking so I decided
+to obtain those logged packets and look at things myself. I
+didn&amp;#8217;t want to do a private server yet, I only wanted to take
+a peek to see how things worked, and perhaps organize some
+effort to document the protocol.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;There was 10GB of logs. I didn&amp;#8217;t have an easy to use
+language to analyze them, and hex editors wouldn&amp;#8217;t cut it for
+most purposes, so I had to look elsewhere. This was a good
+opportunity to start learning this PHP killer I read about
+before, which also happens to feature syntax for matching
+binaries, called Erlang. To be perfectly honest I wouldn&amp;#8217;t
+have touched the logs if I didn&amp;#8217;t have the added motivation
+to play with and learn a new language.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;At the time it was pretty hard to learn Erlang. In my
+experience there was Joe&amp;#8217;s book (which I always recommend
+first as I believe it is the best to learn the Erlang side
+of things; but falls a little short on OTP), and there was
+about 5 chapters of LYSE. There were a couple other books
+I never managed to get into (sorry guys), and there was also
+a few interesting blogs, some of which I can&amp;#8217;t find anymore.
+Finally the #erlang IRC community was there but I was strictly
+lurking at the time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;What a difference compared to 4 years later! (That&amp;#8217;s
+today, by the way!) Now we have more books than I can
+remember, tons of articles covering various aspects of the
+language and platform, many targeting beginners but a good
+number of them also about advanced topics. We even have a
+free online book, LYSE, with more than 30 chapters covering
+pretty much everything. Needless to say I never finished
+reading LYSE as it got written slower than I learnt.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Back to 2010. I wrote a parser for the logs, and
+aggregated those results into one CSV file per packet type
+so I could open them in Gnumeric and aggregate some more,
+but manually this time, and draw conclusions on the packet
+structures. That was pretty easy. Even for a beginner.
+Anyone can go from zero to that level in a day or two.
+Then, having mastered binary pattern matching, I wanted
+to learn some more Erlang, by making this aggregation
+faster. What I had done before worked, but I wasn&amp;#8217;t going
+to wait forever to process everything sequentially. So I
+looked and found a project called &lt;code&gt;plists&lt;/code&gt; (still exists,
+but not maintained AFAIK). I downloaded that project and
+replaced my &lt;code&gt;lists:&lt;/code&gt; calls to &lt;code&gt;plists:&lt;/code&gt;.
+Boom. In just a few minutes all logs were processed, and
+I had learnt something new.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is particularly interesting to note that the lack of
+a package manager or index never bothered me. Neither before
+nor after learning Erlang. My experience with package
+managers was mostly related to Ubuntu, a little Perl and
+Python, and PHP&amp;#8217;s Pear. Let&amp;#8217;s just stay polite and say it
+was always a terrible experience. So searching on the Web
+didn&amp;#8217;t feel awkward, because even if I used a tool or
+website I would have ended up doing a search or two anyway.
+This is in contrast to the package index feature in
+&lt;a href=&#34;https://github.com/ninenines/erlang.mk&#34;&gt;Erlang.mk&lt;/a&gt;,
+which is meant to simplify specifying dependencies more
+than anything: &lt;code&gt;DEPS = cowboy&lt;/code&gt;. It does not
+attempt to solve any other problem, and will only attempt
+to solve one extra problem in the near future, which is
+the discovery of packages. So expect some kind of website
+listing packages soon enough.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I want to use this parenthese to also point out that at
+the time there was a very small number of projects out there,
+at least compared to today. While you sometimes hear people
+complain about lack of certain libraries, it is so much
+better now than it was before! The situation improves very
+quickly, so much that it&amp;#8217;s not going to be that big an issue
+soon enough.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Wanting to know more about that game&amp;#8217;s protocol, in the
+year 2010, I ended up starting to write more Erlang code to
+simulate a server and use the server to query the client and
+see what was happening, documenting the packets and so on.
+This eventually lead to a larger project implementing more
+and more until people got their hopes up for a revival of
+the game, all the while the now competing original server
+project died in a stream of drama and technical incompetence.
+Of course, I ended up doing what any good Internet citizen
+would do, I crushed people&amp;#8217;s hopes, but that&amp;#8217;s not important
+to our story. The important part is that before giving up
+on this project, I not only learnt a good deal of Erlang
+and a little deal of OTP (which I did not touch until 6
+months after I started with Erlang; see the paragraph
+about learning material above), but I also had an intriguing
+idea pop into my mind for what would become my greatest
+success yet.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The giving up part was not easy. Having had financial
+difficulties all year 2010 and part of 2009, I resolved
+to travel back to Paris to try and make it. I ended up
+sleeping in offices for 6 months, being hosted by a shady
+person, and hearing my fair share of stories about
+the dark side of business. While there I also worked for
+another company with someone who would end up becoming
+another high profile Erlang developer. The situation
+slowly improved, I started taking part in the #erlang
+IRC discussions, giving up my status of lurker and, a
+few months into 2011, started working on the Apache killer
+project: Cowboy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;This is the part where I probably should get accused of
+racism and other fun things, but I never did. And I think
+that speaks lots about the Erlang community. In all my time
+writing Erlang code, I can count the number of conflicts I
+had with other people on a single hand. This is the nicest
+programming community I have ever seen, by far. And the
+humblest too. The Erlang community feels like Japan. And
+I love Japan. So I love the Erlang community. I can&amp;#8217;t say
+this enough. This is something that stayed true for all
+my time using Erlang, and despite the rise of alternative
+languages that are not Japan the Erlang community has
+remained very Japan.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The first published version of Cowboy was written in
+two weeks. A little before those two weeks, during, and
+a while after, pretty much everything I said on the
+Internets was that Cowboy was going to be the greatest
+HTTP server ever, that the other servers were problematic
+(and just to be clear, Yaws was rarely if ever mentioned,
+due to being in a perceived different league of &#34;full
+featured servers&#34; while Cowboy was a &#34;lightweight server&#34;),
+and that Cowboy will be the best replacement to a Mochiweb
+or Misultin application. This, alongside a lot of time
+spent on IRC telling people to use Cowboy when they were
+asking for an HTTP server to use, probably made me sound
+very annoying. But it worked, and Cowboy started getting
+its first users, despite being only a few weeks old. Of
+course, as soon as I got my very first user, I started
+claiming Cowboy had &#34;a lot of users&#34;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Looking back today I would definitely find myself annoying,
+this wasn&amp;#8217;t just an idle comment there. For about a year,
+maybe a little more, all I ever said was that Cowboy was
+the best. This probably made me a little dumber in the
+process (as if I wasn&amp;#8217;t enough! I know). Being French, I
+sometimes would also say things quite abruptly. To stay
+polite, I probably sounded like an asshole. I learnt to
+stop being so French over time thankfully.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I think what was most important to Cowboy at the time,
+was three things. First, it felt fresh. It was new, had new
+ideas, tried to do things differently and followed &#34;new&#34; old
+best practices (the OTP way-- which was simply too obscure
+for most people at the time). Second, it had me spending
+all my time telling people to use it whenever they were
+looking for an HTTP server. Third, it had me helping people
+get started with it and guide them all the steps of the way.
+Mostly because it didn&amp;#8217;t have a very good documentation, but
+still, hand holding does wonders.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;To be able to help people every time they had a problem,
+I did not spend all my days reading IRC. Instead I simply
+made sure to be notified when someone said &lt;code&gt;cowboy&lt;/code&gt;.
+The same way many people subscribe to alerts when their
+company is mentioned in the news. Nothing fancy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Time went on, Cowboy grew, or as some like to say,
+completely destroyed the competition, and many people
+eventually moved from Mochiweb and Misultin to Cowboy.
+And then Roberto Ostinelli stopped Misultin development
+and told everyone to move to Cowboy. This is the most
+humble and selfless act I have ever seen in the programming
+sphere, and I only have one thing to say about it: GG.
+Thanks for the fish. He left me with the tasks of improving
+Cowboy examples, documentation and strongly believed that
+the Misultin interface was more user friendly out of all
+the servers. So I added many examples, as many lines of
+documentation as we have of code, and strongly believe
+that Cowboy 2.0 will be the most user friendly interface
+out of all servers. But only time will tell.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;With the rise of the project and the rise in the number
+of users, my previous strategy (completely incidental, by
+the way, and definitely not a well thought out plan to
+become popular) stopped working. It was taking me too much
+time. The important aspects slowly drifted. If I wanted to
+support more users, I would have to spend less time with
+each individual user. This was actually a hard problem.
+You basically have to make people understand they can&amp;#8217;t
+just come to you directly when they have a problem, they
+have to follow proper channels. It becomes less personal,
+and might be felt like you don&amp;#8217;t care about them anymore.
+You have to hurt some people&amp;#8217;s feelings at this point. It
+is quite unfortunate, and also quite difficult to do. There
+is some unwritten rule that says early adopters deserve
+more, but in the real world it never works like this. So
+I probably hurt some people&amp;#8217;s feelings at some point. But
+that&amp;#8217;s okay. Because even if you make sure to be as nice
+as possible when you tell people to go through proper
+channels from now on, some people will still get offended.
+There&amp;#8217;s nothing you can do about it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;From that point onward the important points about the
+project was getting the documentation done, making sure
+people knew about the proper channels to get help and
+report issues, etc. Basically making myself less needed.
+This is quite a contrast with the first days, but I believe
+Cowboy made that transition successfully.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Not only did I win time by not having to hold hands with
+everyone all the time (not that I didn&amp;#8217;t like it, but you
+know, the sweat), but I also won time thanks to the increased
+project popularity. Indeed, the more users you have, the more
+annoying guys there are to tell people to use your project
+and that it&amp;#8217;s the best and everything. Which is great. At
+least, it&amp;#8217;s great if you don&amp;#8217;t pay too much attention to it.
+Sometimes people will give an advice that is, in your opinion,
+a bad advice. And that&amp;#8217;s okay. Don&amp;#8217;t intervene every time
+someone gives a bad advice, learn to let it go. People will
+figure it out. You learn by making mistakes, after all. Use
+this extra time to make sure other people don&amp;#8217;t end up
+giving the same bad advice instead. Fix the code or the
+documentation that led to this mistake. Slowly improve the
+project and make sure it doesn&amp;#8217;t happen again.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;This is my story. So far, anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+</description>
+ </item>
+
+ <item>
+ <title>Cowboy 2.0 and query strings</title>
+ <link>http://ninenines.eu/articles/cowboy2-qs/</link>
+ <pubDate>Wed, 20 Aug 2014 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
+
+ <guid>http://ninenines.eu/articles/cowboy2-qs/</guid>
+ <description>&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Now that Cowboy 1.0 is out, I can spend some of my time thinking
+about Cowboy 2.0 that will be released soon after Erlang/OTP 18.0.
+This entry discusses the proposed changes to query string handling
+in Cowboy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cowboy 2.0 will respond to user wishes by simplifying the interface
+of the &lt;code&gt;cowboy_req&lt;/code&gt; module. Users want two things: less
+juggling with the Req variable, and more maps. Maps is the only
+dynamic key/value data structure in Erlang that we can match directly
+to extract values, allowing users to greatly simplify their code as
+they don&amp;#8217;t need to call functions to do everything anymore.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Query strings are a good candidate for maps. It&amp;#8217;s a list of
+key/values, so it&amp;#8217;s pretty obvious we can win a lot by using maps.
+However query strings have one difference with maps: they can have
+duplicate keys.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;How are we expected to handle duplicate keys? There&amp;#8217;s no standard
+behavior. It&amp;#8217;s up to applications. And looking at what is done in
+the wild, there&amp;#8217;s no de facto standard either. While some ignore
+duplicate keys (keeping the first or the last they find), others
+require duplicate keys to end with &lt;code&gt;[]&lt;/code&gt; to automatically
+put the values in a list, or even worse, languages like PHP even
+allow you to do things like &lt;code&gt;key[something][other]&lt;/code&gt; and
+create a deep structure for it. Finally some allow any key to have
+duplicates and just gives you lists of key/values.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cowboy so far had functions to retrieve query string values one
+value at a time, and if there were duplicates it would return the
+first it finds. It also has a function returning the entire list
+with all duplicates, allowing you to filter it to get all of them,
+and another function that returns the raw query string.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;What are duplicates used for? Not that many things actually.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;One use of duplicate keys is with HTML forms. It is common practice
+to give all related checkboxes the same name so you get a list of
+what&amp;#8217;s been checked. When nothing is checked, nothing is sent at all,
+the key is not in the list.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Another use of duplicate keys is when generating forms. A good
+example of that would be a form that allows uploading any number
+of files. When you add a file, client-side code adds another field
+to the form. Repeat up to a certain limit.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;And that&amp;#8217;s about it. Of note is that HTML radio elements share
+the same name too, but only one key/value is sent, so they are not
+relevant here.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Normally this would be the part where I tell you how we solve
+this elegantly. But I had doubts. Why? Because there&amp;#8217;s no good
+solutions to solving only this particular problem.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I then stopped thinking about duplicate keys for a minute and
+started to think about the larger problem.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Query strings are input data. They take a particular form,
+and may be sent as part of the URI or as part of the request
+body. We have other kinds of input data. We have headers and
+cookies and the request body in various forms. We also have
+path segments in URIs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;What do you do with input data? Well you use it to do
+something. But there is one thing that you almost always do
+(and if you don&amp;#8217;t, you really should): you validate it and
+you map it into Erlang terms.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cowboy left the user take care of validation and conversion
+into Erlang terms so far. Rather, it left the user take care
+of it everywhere except one place. Guess where? That&amp;#8217;s right,
+bindings.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you define routes with bindings then you have the option
+to provide constraints. Constraints can be used to do two things:
+validate the data and convert it in a more appropriate term. For
+example if you use the &lt;code&gt;int&lt;/code&gt; constraint, Cowboy will
+make sure the binding is an integer, and will replace the value
+with the integer representation so that you can use it directly.
+In this particular case it not only routes the URI, but also
+validates and converts the bindings directly.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;This is very relevant in the case of our duplicate keys,
+because if we have a list with duplicates of a key, chances
+are we want to convert that into a list of Erlang terms, and
+also make sure that all the elements in this list are expected.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The answer to this particular problem is simple. We need a
+function that will parse the query string and apply constraints.
+But this is not all, there is one other problem to be solved.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The other problem is that for the user some keys are mandatory
+and some are optional. Optional keys include the ones that
+correspond to HTML checkboxes: if the key for one or more
+checkbox is missing from the query string, we still want to
+have an empty list in our map so we can easily match. Matching
+maps is great, but not so much when values might be missing,
+so we have to normalize this data a little.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;This problem is solved by allowing a default value. If the
+key is missing and a default exists, set it. If no default
+exists, then the key was mandatory and we want to crash.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I therefore make a proposal for changing the query string
+interface to three functions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The first function already exists, it is &lt;code&gt;cowboy_req:qs(Req)&lt;/code&gt;
+and it returns only the query string binary. No more Req returned.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The second function is a renaming of &lt;code&gt;cowboy_req:qs_vals(Req)&lt;/code&gt;
+to something more explicit: &lt;code&gt;cowboy_req:parse_qs(Req)&lt;/code&gt;.
+The new name implies that a parsing operation is done. It was implicit
+and cached before. It will be explicit and not cached anymore now.
+Again, no more Req returned.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The third function is the one I mentioned above. I think
+the interface &lt;code&gt;cowboy_req:match_qs(Req, Fields)&lt;/code&gt; is
+most appropriate. It returns a normalized map that is the same
+regardless of optional fields being provided with the request,
+allowing for easy matching. It crashes if something went wrong.
+Still no Req returned.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I feel that this three function interface provides everything
+one would need to comfortably write applications. You can get
+low level and get the query string directly; you can get a list
+of key/value binaries without any additional processing and do it
+on your own; or you can get a processed map that contains Erlang
+terms ready to be used.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I strongly believe that by democratizing the constraints to
+more than just bindings, but also to query string, cookies and
+other key/values in Cowboy, we can allow the developer to quickly
+and easily go from HTTP request to Erlang function calls. The
+constraints are reusable functions that can serve as guards
+against unwanted data, providing convenience in the process.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Your handlers will not look like an endless series of calls
+to get and convert the input data, they will instead be just
+one call at the beginning followed by the actual application
+logic, thanks to constraints and maps.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;listingblock&#34;&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;content&#34;&gt;&lt;!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --&gt;
+&lt;pre&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;handle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Req&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;State&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+ #{&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Name&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;email&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Email&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;choices&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;ChoicesList&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;remember_me&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;:=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;RememberMe&lt;/span&gt;} &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;cowboy_req:match_qs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Req&lt;/span&gt;, [
+ &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000080&#34;&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, {&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;email&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;email&lt;/span&gt;},
+ {&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;choices&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;fun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;check_choices&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;, []},
+ {&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;remember_me&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;boolean&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #000080&#34;&gt;false&lt;/span&gt;}]),
+ &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;save_choices&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Name&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Email&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;ChoicesList&lt;/span&gt;),
+ &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;if&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;RememberMe&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;create_account&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Name&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Email&lt;/span&gt;); &lt;span style=&#34;color: #000080&#34;&gt;true&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;ok&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;,
+ {&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;ok&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Req&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;State&lt;/span&gt;}&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;
+
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;check_choices&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF0000&#34;&gt;&#34;blue&#34;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; {&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000080&#34;&gt;true&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;blue&lt;/span&gt;};
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;check_choices&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF0000&#34;&gt;&#34;red&#34;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; {&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000080&#34;&gt;true&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;red&lt;/span&gt;};
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;check_choices&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;_&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #000080&#34;&gt;false&lt;/span&gt;;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;(Don&amp;#8217;t look too closely at the structure yet.)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;As you can see in the above snippet, it becomes really easy
+to go from query string to values. You can also use the map
+directly as it is guaranteed to only contain the keys you
+specified, any extra key is not returned.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;This would I believe be a huge step up as we can now
+focus on writing applications instead of translating HTTP
+calls. Cowboy can now take care of it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;And to conclude, this also solves our duplicate keys
+dilemma, as they now automatically become a list of binaries,
+and this list is then checked against constraints that
+will fail if they were not expecting a list. And in the
+example above, it even converts the values to atoms for
+easier manipulation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;As usual, feedback is more than welcome, and I apologize
+for the rocky structure of this post as it contains all the
+thoughts that went into this rather than just the conclusion.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+</description>
+ </item>
+
+ <item>
+ <title>January 2014 status</title>
+ <link>http://ninenines.eu/articles/january-2014-status/</link>
+ <pubDate>Tue, 07 Jan 2014 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
+
+ <guid>http://ninenines.eu/articles/january-2014-status/</guid>
+ <description>&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I will now be regularly writing posts about project status, plans
+and hopes for the future.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Before that though, there&amp;#8217;s one important news to share.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Until a year ago all development was financed through consulting
+and development services. This worked alright but too much time was
+spent doing things that didn&amp;#8217;t benefit the open source projects.
+And that didn&amp;#8217;t make me happy at all. Because I like being happy
+I stopped that for the most part and spent the year figuring things
+out, experimenting and discussing with people about it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;What makes me happy is answering these &#34;what if&#34; questions.
+Ranch and Cowboy are a direct product of that, as they originate
+from the &#34;what if we could have a server running different protocols
+on different ports but all part of the same application?&#34;; Erlang.mk
+is a bit different: &#34;this works great for me, what if it could
+become the standard solution for building Erlang applications?&#34;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;When I successfully answer the question, this becomes a project
+that may end up largely benefiting the Erlang community. I love
+Erlang and I love enabling people to build awesome products based
+on my projects. It&amp;#8217;s a lot more rewarding than activities like
+consulting where you only help one company at a time. And it&amp;#8217;s
+also a much better use of my time as this has a bigger impact on
+the community.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The hard part is to figure out how to be able to spend 100%
+of the time on projects that you basically give away for free,
+and still be able to afford living.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The immediate solution was getting work sponsored by the
+&lt;a href=&#34;http://www.leofs.org/&#34;&gt;LeoFS project&lt;/a&gt;. LeoFS is a great
+distributed file storage that I can only recommend to anyone who
+needs to store files or large pieces of data. The sponsorship
+works pretty great, and spurred development of the SPDY code in
+Cowboy amongst other things, plus a couple upcoming projects
+done more recently and getting a final touch before release.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;It turns out sponsoring works great. So I&amp;#8217;m thinking of
+expanding on it and hopefully get enough sponsoring for fulltime
+open source development. So I figured out a few things that
+can give incentive to companies willing to sponsor.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sponsors can &lt;em&gt;request that a particular version of Cowboy
+be maintained indefinitely&lt;/em&gt; (as long as they&amp;#8217;re sponsoring).
+This means fixes will be backported. This doesn&amp;#8217;t include
+features although I can take requests depending on feasability.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sponsors can &lt;em&gt;have a direct, private line of communication&lt;/em&gt;,
+useful when they need help debugging or optimizing their product.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sponsors can &lt;em&gt;get their name associated with one of the
+project&lt;/em&gt; and get a good standing in the community thanks
+to this. They would be featured in the README of the project
+which is viewed by hundreds of developers daily.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sponsors can &lt;em&gt;be listed on this website&lt;/em&gt;. I will modify
+the front page when we get a few more sponsors, they will be
+featured below the carousel of projects.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Please &lt;a href=&#34;mailto:[email protected]&#34;&gt;contact us&lt;/a&gt; if
+you are interested in sponsoring, and say how much you are willing
+to sponsor. The goal here is only to have enough money to make a
+living and attend a few conferences. There&amp;#8217;s an upper limit in the
+amount needed per year, so the more sponsors there are the cheaper
+it becomes to everyone.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The upper limit stems from the new legal entity that will replace
+the current Nine Nines. This is mostly to lower the legal costs and
+simplify the administrative stuff and allow me to dedicate all my
+time on what&amp;#8217;s important. From your point of view it&amp;#8217;s business as
+usual.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Now on to project statuses and future works.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;sect1&#34;&gt;
+&lt;h2 id=&#34;_cowboy&#34;&gt;Cowboy&lt;/h2&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;sectionbody&#34;&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cowboy is getting ready for a 1.0 release. Once multipart support
+is in, all that&amp;#8217;s left is finishing the guide, improving tests and
+finishing moving code to the cowlib project. I hope everything will
+be ready around the time R17B is released.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I already dream of some API breaking changes after 1.0, which
+would essentially become 2.0 when they&amp;#8217;re done. An extensive survey
+will be setup after the 1.0 release to get more information on what
+people like and don&amp;#8217;t like about the API.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;And of course, when clients start implementing HTTP/2.0 then we
+will too.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;sect1&#34;&gt;
+&lt;h2 id=&#34;_ranch&#34;&gt;Ranch&lt;/h2&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;sectionbody&#34;&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ranch is also getting close to 1.0. I am currently writing a
+test suite for upgrades. After that I also would like to write
+a chaos_monkey test suite and add a getting started chapter to the
+guide.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ranch is pretty solid otherwise, it&amp;#8217;s hard to foresee new
+features at this point.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;sect1&#34;&gt;
+&lt;h2 id=&#34;_erlang_mk&#34;&gt;Erlang.mk&lt;/h2&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;sectionbody&#34;&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I didn&amp;#8217;t expect this project to become popular. Glad it did though.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Windows support is planned, but will require GNU Make 4.
+Thankfully, it&amp;#8217;s available at least through cygwin. Make,
+Git and Erlang will be the only required dependencies
+because the rest of the external calls will be converted to
+using Guile, a Scheme included since GNU Make 4. So it is
+Guile that will download the needed files, magically fill
+the list of modules in the &lt;em&gt;.app&lt;/em&gt; file and so on, allowing
+us to provide a truly cross-platform solution without
+losing on the performance we benefit from using Make.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Also note that it is possible to check whether Guile
+is available so we will be able to fallback to the current
+code for older systems.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I am also thinking about adding an extra column to the package
+index, indicating the preferred tag or commit number to be used.
+This would allow us to skip the individual &lt;code&gt;dep&lt;/code&gt; lines
+entirely if the information in the package index is good enough.
+And committing that file to your project would be the only thing
+needed to lock the dependencies. Of course if a &lt;code&gt;dep&lt;/code&gt;
+line is specified this would instead override the file.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;sect1&#34;&gt;
+&lt;h2 id=&#34;_alien_shaman&#34;&gt;Alien Shaman&lt;/h2&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;sectionbody&#34;&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;This is the two-parts project requested by the LeoFS team.
+This is essentially a &#34;distributed bigwig&#34;. I am hoping to
+have a prototype up in a few days.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Alien is the part that allows writing and enabling probes
+in your nodes. Probes send events which may get filtered before
+being forwarded to their destination. The events may be sent
+to a local process, a remote process, over UDP, TCP or SSL.
+Events may also be received by a process called a relay, which
+may be used to group or aggregate data before it is being sent
+over the network, reducing the footprint overall.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Shaman is the UI for it. It will ultimately be able to display
+any event as long as it&amp;#8217;s configured to do so. Events may be logs,
+numeric values displayed on graphs updated in real time, lists of
+items like processes and so on.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;sect1&#34;&gt;
+&lt;h2 id=&#34;_feedback&#34;&gt;Feedback&lt;/h2&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;sectionbody&#34;&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;That&amp;#8217;s it for today! There will be another status update once
+Shaman is out. But for now I have to focus on it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;As always, please send feedback on the projects, this post,
+the sponsoring idea, anything really! Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;
+</description>
+ </item>
+
+ <item>
+ <title>Farwest got funded!</title>
+ <link>http://ninenines.eu/articles/farwest-funded/</link>
+ <pubDate>Thu, 27 Jun 2013 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
+
+ <guid>http://ninenines.eu/articles/farwest-funded/</guid>
+ <description>&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;This was a triumph! I&amp;#8217;m making a note here: HUGE SUCCESS!!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;iframe frameborder=&#34;0&#34; scrolling=&#34;no&#34; height=&#34;400px&#34; width&#34;236px&#34; seamless=&#34;seamless&#34; src=&#34;https://api.bountysource.com/user/fundraisers/83/embed&#34;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;It&amp;#8217;s hard to overstate my satisfaction. Thanks to everyone who
+made this possible.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you have backed this fundraiser, and haven&amp;#8217;t provided your
+personal details yet, please do so quickly so that your rewards
+can be sent!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I am hoping that we will be able to make good use of all that
+money. The details of the expenses will be published regularly
+on the &lt;a href=&#34;https://github.com/extend/farwest/wiki/2013-Fundraiser&#34;&gt;2013 Fundraiser wiki page&lt;/a&gt;,
+giving you full disclosure as to how your money is used.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;It will take a little time to get things started, we are in
+summer after all! We will however act quickly to make the
+prototype easy enough to use so that the paid UI work can
+begin. This is also when user contributions will be welcome.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can see the &lt;a href=&#34;https://github.com/extend/farwest/wiki/Roadmap&#34;&gt;Roadmap&lt;/a&gt;
+to get more information on the current plans. This document will
+get updated as time goes on so check again later to see if you
+can help!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Look at me: still talking when there&amp;#8217;s open source to do!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Thanks again for all your support. I really appreciate it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+</description>
+ </item>
+
+ <item>
+ <title>Build Erlang releases with Erlang.mk and Relx</title>
+ <link>http://ninenines.eu/articles/erlang.mk-and-relx/</link>
+ <pubDate>Tue, 28 May 2013 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
+
+ <guid>http://ninenines.eu/articles/erlang.mk-and-relx/</guid>
+ <description>&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Building OTP releases has always been a difficult task. Tools like
+Reltool or Rebar have made this simpler, but
+it&amp;#8217;s no panacea. This article will show you an alternative and
+hopefully much simpler solution.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is two steps to building a release. First you need to build
+the various OTP applications you want to include in the release. Once
+done, you need to create the release itself, by including the Erlang
+runtime system alongside the applications, a boot script to start the
+node and all its applications, and some configuration files.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#34;https://github.com/extend/erlang.mk&#34;&gt;Erlang.mk&lt;/a&gt; solves
+the first step. It is an include file for GNU Make. Just
+including it in a Makefile is enough to allow building your project,
+fetching and building dependencies, building documentation, performing
+static analysis and more.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#34;https://github.com/erlware/relx&#34;&gt;Relx&lt;/a&gt; solves the second
+step. It is a release creation tool, wrapped into a single executable
+file. It doesn&amp;#8217;t require a configuration file. And if you do need one,
+it will be a pretty small one.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Let&amp;#8217;s take a look at the smallest Erlang.mk powered
+Makefile. There is only one thing required: defining the project
+name.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;listingblock&#34;&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;content&#34;&gt;&lt;!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --&gt;
+&lt;pre&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;PROJECT =&lt;/span&gt; my_project
+
+include erlang.mk&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Simply doing this allows you to build your application by typing
+&lt;code&gt;make&lt;/code&gt;, running tests using &lt;code&gt;make tests&lt;/code&gt;, and
+more. It will even compile your &lt;em&gt;.dtl&lt;/em&gt; files found in the
+&lt;em&gt;templates/&lt;/em&gt; directory if you are using ErlyDTL!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Let&amp;#8217;s now take a look at a simplified version of the Makefile for
+this website. I only removed a few targets that were off-topic.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;listingblock&#34;&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;content&#34;&gt;&lt;!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --&gt;
+&lt;pre&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;PROJECT =&lt;/span&gt; ninenines
+
+&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;DEPS =&lt;/span&gt; cowboy erlydtl
+&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;dep_cowboy =&lt;/span&gt; https&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;//github.com/extend/cowboy.git 0.8.5
+&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;dep_erlydtl =&lt;/span&gt; https&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;//github.com/evanmiller/erlydtl.git 4d0dc8fb
+
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000080&#34;&gt;.PHONY:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; release clean-release
+
+&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;release:&lt;/span&gt; clean-release all projects
+ relx -o rel&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;$(PROJECT)&lt;/span&gt;
+
+&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;clean-release:&lt;/span&gt; clean-projects
+ rm -rf rel&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;$(PROJECT)&lt;/span&gt;
+
+include erlang.mk&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can see here how to define dependencies. First you list all
+the dependency names, then you have one line per dependency, giving
+the repository URL and the commit number, tag or branch you want.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Then you can see two targets defined, with &lt;code&gt;release&lt;/code&gt;
+becoming the default target, because it was defined first. You can
+override the default target &lt;code&gt;all&lt;/code&gt;, which builds the
+application and its dependencies, this way.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;And as you can see, the &lt;code&gt;release&lt;/code&gt; target uses
+Relx to build a release into the &lt;em&gt;rel/ninenines/&lt;/em&gt;
+directory. Let&amp;#8217;s take a look at the configuration file for this release.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;listingblock&#34;&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;content&#34;&gt;&lt;!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --&gt;
+&lt;pre&gt;&lt;tt&gt;{&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;release&lt;/span&gt;, {&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;ninenines&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF0000&#34;&gt;&#34;1&#34;&lt;/span&gt;}, [&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;ninenines&lt;/span&gt;]}&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;
+
+{&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;extended_start_script&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #000080&#34;&gt;true&lt;/span&gt;}&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;
+{&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;sys_config&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF0000&#34;&gt;&#34;rel/sys.config&#34;&lt;/span&gt;}&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;
+
+{&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;overlay&lt;/span&gt;, [
+ {&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;mkdir&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF0000&#34;&gt;&#34;log&#34;&lt;/span&gt;},
+ {&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;copy&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF0000&#34;&gt;&#34;rel/vm.args&#34;&lt;/span&gt;,
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF0000&#34;&gt;&#34;releases/\{\{release_name\}\}-\{\{release_version\}\}/vm.args&#34;&lt;/span&gt;}
+]}&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The first line defines a release named &lt;code&gt;ninenines&lt;/code&gt;, which
+has a version number &lt;code&gt;&#34;1&#34;&lt;/code&gt; and includes one application, also
+named &lt;code&gt;ninenines&lt;/code&gt;, although it doesn&amp;#8217;t have to.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;We then use the &lt;code&gt;extended_start_script&lt;/code&gt; option to tell
+Relx that we would like to have a start script that allows
+us to not only start the release, but do so with the node in the
+background, or also to allow us to connect to a running node, and so on.
+This start script has the same features as the one tools like
+Rebar generates.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The rest of the file just makes sure our configuration files are
+where we expect them. Relx will automatically take care
+of your &lt;em&gt;sys.config&lt;/em&gt; file as long as you tell it where to
+find it. The &lt;em&gt;vm.args&lt;/em&gt; file used by the extended start script
+needs to be handled more explicitly by using an overlay however.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;How does Relx find what applications to include?
+By looking at the application dependencies in the &lt;em&gt;.app&lt;/em&gt;
+file of each OTP application. Make sure you put all dependencies in
+there, &lt;em&gt;including&lt;/em&gt; library applications, and Relx
+will find everything for you.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;For example, this release includes the following applications.
+Only what&amp;#8217;s strictly required.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;listingblock&#34;&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;content&#34;&gt;
+&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;compiler-4.9.1 crypto-2.3 kernel-2.16.1 ranch-0.8.3 syntax_tools-1.6.11
+cowboy-0.8.5 erlydtl-0.7.0 ninenines-0.2.0 stdlib-1.19.1&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;sys.config&lt;/em&gt; file is standard and
+&lt;a href=&#34;http://www.erlang.org/doc/man/config.html&#34;&gt;well documented&lt;/a&gt;.
+The &lt;em&gt;vm.args&lt;/em&gt; file is just an optionally multiline file
+containing all the flags to pass to the Erlang VM, for example
+&lt;code&gt;-name [email protected] -heart&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Building OTP releases has always been a difficult task. Until now.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+</description>
+ </item>
+
+ <item>
+ <title>Xerl: intermediate module</title>
+ <link>http://ninenines.eu/articles/xerl-0.5-intermediate-module/</link>
+ <pubDate>Mon, 25 Mar 2013 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
+
+ <guid>http://ninenines.eu/articles/xerl-0.5-intermediate-module/</guid>
+ <description>&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Today we will start the work on the intermediate module
+that will be used to run the code for the expressions found
+in our file&amp;#8217;s body, replacing our interpreter.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;This is what we want to have when all the work is done:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;listingblock&#34;&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;content&#34;&gt;
+&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;xerl -&amp;gt; tokens -&amp;gt; AST -&amp;gt; intermediate -&amp;gt; cerl&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
+&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Today we will perform this work only on the atomic integer
+expression however, so we will not build any module at the end.
+We have a few more things to take care of before getting there.
+This does mean that we completely break compilation of modules
+though, so hopefully we can resolve that soon.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;This intermediate representation is in the form of a module
+which contains a single function: &lt;code&gt;run/0&lt;/code&gt;. This function
+contains all the expressions from our Xerl source file.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the case of a Xerl source file only containing the integer
+&lt;code&gt;42&lt;/code&gt;, we will obtain the following module ready to
+be executed:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;listingblock&#34;&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;content&#34;&gt;&lt;!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --&gt;
+&lt;pre&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000080&#34;&gt;-module&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;&#39;$xerl_intermediate&#39;&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000080&#34;&gt;-export&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;([&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;run&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;])&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;
+
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;run&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;() &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;42&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Running it will of course give us a result of &lt;code&gt;42&lt;/code&gt;,
+the same we had when interpreting expressions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The resulting Core Erlang code looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;listingblock&#34;&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;content&#34;&gt;&lt;!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --&gt;
+&lt;pre&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;module&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;&#39;$xerl_intermediate&#39;&lt;/span&gt; [&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;&#39;run&#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;]
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;attributes&lt;/span&gt; []
+&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;&#39;run&#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;fun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; () &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;42&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The nice thing about doing it like this is that other than the
+definition of the intermediate module and its &lt;code&gt;run/0&lt;/code&gt;
+function, we can use the same code we are using for generating
+the final Beam file. It may also be faster than interpreting
+if you have complex modules.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Of course this here only works for the simplest cases, as you
+cannot declare a module or a function inside another Erlang function.
+We will need to wrap these into function calls to the Xerl compiler
+that will take care of compiling them, making them available for
+any subsequent expression. We will also need to pass the environment
+to the &lt;code&gt;run&lt;/code&gt; function to keep track of all this.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;This does mean that we will have different code for compiling
+&lt;code&gt;fun&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;mod&lt;/code&gt; expressions when creating
+the intermediate module. But the many other expressions don&amp;#8217;t need
+any special care.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Right now we&amp;#8217;ve used the &lt;code&gt;&#39;$xerl_intermediate&#39;&lt;/code&gt; atom
+for the intermediate module name because we only have one, but we
+will need to have a more random name later on when we&amp;#8217;ll implement
+modules this way.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The attentive mind will know by now that when compiling a Xerl
+file containing one module, we will need to compile two intermediate
+modules: one for the file body, and one for the module&amp;#8217;s body. Worry
+not though, if we only detect &lt;code&gt;mod&lt;/code&gt; instructions in the file
+body, we can just skip this phase.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;While we&amp;#8217;re at it, we&amp;#8217;ll modify our code generator to handle lists
+of expressions, which didn&amp;#8217;t actually work with integer literals
+before.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;We&amp;#8217;re going to use Core Erlang sequences for running the many
+expressions. Sequences work like &lt;code&gt;let&lt;/code&gt;, except no value
+is actually bound. Perfect for our case, since we don&amp;#8217;t support
+binding values at this time anyway.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sequences have an argument and a body, both being Core Erlang
+expressions. The simplest way to have many expressions is to use
+a simple expression for the argument and a sequence for the rest
+of the expressions. When we encounter the last expression in the
+list, we do not create a sequence.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The result is this very simple function:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;listingblock&#34;&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;content&#34;&gt;&lt;!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --&gt;
+&lt;pre&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;comp_body&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;([&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Expr&lt;/span&gt;]) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;expr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Expr&lt;/span&gt;);
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;comp_body&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;([&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Expr&lt;/span&gt;|&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Exprs&lt;/span&gt;]) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Arg&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;expr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Expr&lt;/span&gt;),
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Body&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;comp_body&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Exprs&lt;/span&gt;),
+ &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;cerl:c_seq&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Arg&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Body&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the case of our example above, a sequence will not be created,
+we only have one expression. If we were to have &lt;code&gt;42, 43, 44&lt;/code&gt;
+in our Xerl source file, we would have a result equivalent to the
+following before optimization:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;listingblock&#34;&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;content&#34;&gt;&lt;!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --&gt;
+&lt;pre&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000080&#34;&gt;-module&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;&#39;$xerl_intermediate&#39;&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000080&#34;&gt;-export&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;([&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;run&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;])&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;
+
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;run&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;() &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;42&lt;/span&gt;,
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;43&lt;/span&gt;,
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;44&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;And the result is of course &lt;code&gt;44&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The resulting Core Erlang code looks like this:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;listingblock&#34;&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;content&#34;&gt;&lt;!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --&gt;
+&lt;pre&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;module&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;&#39;$xerl_intermediate&#39;&lt;/span&gt; [&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;&#39;run&#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;]
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;attributes&lt;/span&gt; []
+&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;&#39;run&#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;fun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; () &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;do&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;42&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;do&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;43&lt;/span&gt;
+ &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;44&lt;/span&gt;
+&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;end&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Feels very lisp-y, right? Yep.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+&lt;div class=&#34;ulist&#34;&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
+&lt;li&gt;
+&lt;p&gt;
+&lt;a href=&#34;https://github.com/extend/xerl/blob/0.5/&#34;&gt;View the source&lt;/a&gt;
+&lt;/p&gt;
+&lt;/li&gt;
+&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
+</description>
+ </item>
+
+ </channel>
+</rss> \ No newline at end of file
generated by cgit v1.2.3 (git 2.25.1) at 2024-05-28 22:29:57 +0000