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<h1 class="lined-header"><span>Erlang Scalability</span></h1>
<p class="date">
<span class="day">18</span>
<span class="month">Feb</span>
</p>
</header>
<div class="paragraph"><p>I would like to share some experience and theories on
Erlang scalability.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This will be in the form of a series of hints, which
may or may not be accompanied with explanations as to why
things are this way, or how they improve or reduce the scalability
of a system. I will try to do my best to avoid giving falsehoods,
even if that means a few things won’t be explained.</p></div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_nifs">NIFs</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>NIFs are considered harmful. I don’t know any single NIF-based
library that I would recommend. That doesn’t mean they should
all be avoided, just that if you’re going to want your system to
scale, you probably shouldn’t use a NIF.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>A common case for using NIFs is JSON processing. The problem
is that JSON is a highly inefficient data structure (similar
in inefficiency to XML, although perhaps not as bad). If you can
avoid using JSON, you probably should. MessagePack can replace
it in many situations.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Long-running NIFs will take over a scheduler and prevent Erlang
from efficiently handling many processes.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Short-running NIFs will still confuse the scheduler if they
take more than a few microseconds to run.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Threaded NIFs, or the use of the <code>enif_consume_timeslice</code>
might help allievate this problem, but they’re not a silver bullet.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>And as you already know, a crashing NIF will take down your VM,
destroying any claims you may have at being scalable.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Never use a NIF because "C is fast". This is only true in
single-threaded programs.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_bifs">BIFs</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>BIFs can also be harmful. While they are generally better than
NIFs, they are not perfect and some of them might have harmful
effects on the scheduler.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>A great example of this is the <code>erlang:decode_packet/3</code>
BIF, when used for HTTP request or response decoding. Avoiding
its use in <em>Cowboy</em> allowed us to see a big increase in
the number of requests production systems were able to handle,
up to two times the original amount. Incidentally this is something
that is impossible to detect using synthetic benchmarks.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>BIFs that return immediately are perfectly fine though.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_binary_strings">Binary strings</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Binary strings use less memory, which means you spend less time
allocating memory compared to list-based strings. They are also
more natural for strings manipulation because they are optimized
for appending (as opposed to prepending for lists).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you can process a binary string using a single match context,
then the code will run incredibly fast. The effects will be much
increased if the code was compiled using HiPE, even if your Erlang
system isn’t compiled natively.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Avoid using <code>binary:split</code> or <code>binary:replace</code>
if you can avoid it. They have a certain overhead due to supporting
many options that you probably don’t need for most operations.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_buffering_and_streaming">Buffering and streaming</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Use binaries. They are great for appending, and it’s a direct copy
from what you receive from a stream (usually a socket or a file).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Be careful to not indefinitely receive data, as you might end up
having a single binary taking up huge amounts of memory.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you stream from a socket and know how much data you expect,
then fetch that data in a single <code>recv</code> call.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Similarly, if you can use a single <code>send</code> call, then
you should do so, to avoid going back and forth unnecessarily between
your Erlang process and the Erlang port for your socket.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_list_and_binary_comprehensions">List and binary comprehensions</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Prefer list comprehensions over <code>lists:map/2</code>. The
compiler will be able to optimize your code greatly, for example
not creating the result if you don’t need it. As time goes on,
more optimizations will be added to the compiler and you will
automatically benefit from them.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_gen_server_is_no_silver_bullet">gen_server is no silver bullet</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>It’s a bad idea to use <code>gen_server</code> for everything.
For two reasons.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>There is an overhead everytime the <code>gen_server</code> receives
a call, a cast or a simple message. It can be a problem if your
<code>gen_server</code> is in a critical code path where speed
is all that matters. Do not hesitate to create other kinds of
processes where it makes sense. And depending on the kind of process,
you might want to consider making them special processes, which
would essentially behave the same as a <code>gen_server</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>A common mistake is to have a unique <code>gen_server</code> to
handle queries from many processes. This generally becomes the
biggest bottleneck you’ll want to fix. You should try to avoid
relying on a single process, using a pool if you can.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_supervisor_and_monitoring">Supervisor and monitoring</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>A <code>supervisor</code> is also a <code>gen_server</code>,
so the previous points also apply to them.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Sometimes you’re in a situation where you have supervised
processes but also want to monitor them in one or more other
processes, effectively duplicating the work. The supervisor
already knows when processes die, why not use this to our
advantage?</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You can create a custom supervisor process that will perform
both the supervision and handle exit and other events, allowing
to avoid the combination of supervising and monitoring which
can prove harmful when many processes die at once, or when you
have many short lived processes.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_ets_for_lolspeed_tm">ets for LOLSPEED(tm)</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you have data queried or modified by many processes, then
<code>ets</code> public or protected tables will give you the
performance boost you require. Do not forget to set the
<code>read_concurrency</code> or <code>write_concurrency</code>
options though.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You might also be thrilled to know that Erlang R16B will feature
a big performance improvement for accessing <code>ets</code> tables
concurrently.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="span3 sidecol">
<h3>More articles</h3>
<ul id="articles-nav" class="extra_margin">
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/ml-archives/">Mailing list archived</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/website-update/">Website update</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/erlanger-playbook-september-2015-update/">The Erlanger Playbook September 2015 Update</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/erlanger-playbook/">The Erlanger Playbook</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/erlang-validate-utf8/">Validating UTF-8 binaries with Erlang</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/on-open-source/">On open source</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/the-story-so-far/">The story so far</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/cowboy2-qs/">Cowboy 2.0 and query strings</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/january-2014-status/">January 2014 status</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/farwest-funded/">Farwest got funded!</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/erlang.mk-and-relx/">Build Erlang releases with Erlang.mk and Relx</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/xerl-0.5-intermediate-module/">Xerl: intermediate module</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/xerl-0.4-expression-separator/">Xerl: expression separator</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/erlang-scalability/">Erlang Scalability</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/xerl-0.3-atomic-expressions/">Xerl: atomic expressions</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/xerl-0.2-two-modules/">Xerl: two modules</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/xerl-0.1-empty-modules/">Xerl: empty modules</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/ranch-ftp/">Build an FTP Server with Ranch in 30 Minutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/tictactoe/">Erlang Tic Tac Toe</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Feedback</h3>
<p>Feel free to <a href="mailto:[email protected]">email us</a>
if you found any mistake or need clarification on any of the
articles.</p>
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