1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="">
<meta name="author" content="Loïc Hoguin based on a design from (Soft10) Pol Cámara">
<title>Nine Nines: Build an FTP Server with Ranch in 30 Minutes</title>
<link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400,700,400italic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
<link href="/css/99s.css?r=7" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/img/ico/favicon.ico">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="/img/ico/apple-touch-icon-114.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="/img/ico/apple-touch-icon-72.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/img/ico/apple-touch-icon-57.png">
</head>
<body class="">
<header id="page-head">
<div id="topbar" class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="span2">
<h1 id="logo"><a href="/" title="99s">99s</a></h1>
</div>
<div class="span10">
<div id="side-header">
<nav>
<ul>
<li class="active"><a title="Hear my thoughts" href="/articles">Articles</a></li>
<li><a title="Watch my talks" href="/talks">Talks</a></li>
<li><a title="Read the docs" href="/docs">Documentation</a></li>
<li><a title="Request my services" href="/services">Consulting & Training</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
<ul id="social">
<li>
<a href="https://github.com/ninenines" title="Check my Github repositories"><img src="/img/ico_github.png" data-hover="/img/ico_github_alt.png" alt="Github"></a>
</li>
<li>
<a title="Contact me" href="mailto:[email protected]"><img src="/img/ico_mail.png" data-hover="/img/ico_mail_alt.png"></a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div id="contents">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="span9 maincol">
<article class="blog_item">
<header>
<h1 class="lined-header"><span>Build an FTP Server with Ranch in 30 Minutes</span></h1>
<p class="date">
<span class="year">2012</span>
<span class="day-month">14 Nov</span>
</p>
</header>
<p>Last week I was speaking at the <a href="http://www.erlang-factory.com/conference/London2012/speakers/LoicHoguin">London Erlang Factory Lite</a> where I presented a live demonstration of building an FTP server using <a href="http://ninenines.eu/docs/en/ranch/HEAD/README">Ranch</a>. As there was no slide, you should use this article as a reference instead.</p>
<p>The goal of this article is to showcase how to use Ranch for writing a network protocol implementation, how Ranch gets out of the way to let you write the code that matters, and the common techniques used when writing servers.</p>
<p>Let's start by creating an empty project. Create a new directory and then open a terminal into that directory. The first step is to add Ranch as a dependency. Create the <code>rebar.config</code> file and add the following 3 lines.</p>
<div class="listingblock"><div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt>{<font color="#FF6600">deps</font>, [
{<font color="#FF6600">ranch</font>, <font color="#FF0000">".*"</font>, {<font color="#FF6600">git</font>, <font color="#FF0000">"git://github.com/extend/ranch.git"</font>, <font color="#FF0000">"master"</font>}}
]}<font color="#990000">.</font></tt></pre>
</div></div>
<p>This makes your application depend on the last Ranch version available on the <em>master</em> branch. This is fine for development, however when you start pushing your application to production you will want to revisit this file to hardcode the exact version you are using, to make sure you run the same version of dependencies in production.</p>
<p>You can now fetch the dependencies.</p>
<div class="listingblock"><div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt>$ rebar get-deps
<font color="#990000">==></font> ranch_ftp <font color="#990000">(</font>get-deps<font color="#990000">)</font>
Pulling ranch from {git<font color="#990000">,</font><font color="#FF0000">"git://github.com/extend/ranch.git"</font><font color="#990000">,</font><font color="#FF0000">"master"</font>}
Cloning into <font color="#FF0000">'ranch'</font><font color="#990000">...</font>
<font color="#990000">==></font> ranch <font color="#990000">(</font>get-deps<font color="#990000">)</font></tt></pre>
</div></div>
<p>This will create a <em>deps/</em> folder containing Ranch.</p>
<p>We don't actually need anything else to write the protocol code. We could make an application for it, but this isn't the purpose of this article so let's just move on to writing the protocol itself. Create the file <em>ranch_ftp_protocol.erl</em> and open it in your favorite editor.</p>
<div class="listingblock"><div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt>$ vim ranch_ftp_protocol<font color="#990000">.</font>erl</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<p>Let's start with a blank protocol module.</p>
<div class="listingblock"><div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><b><font color="#000080">-module</font></b>(<font color="#FF6600">ranch_ftp_protocol</font>)<font color="#990000">.</font>
<b><font color="#000080">-export</font></b>([<b><font color="#000000">start_link</font></b><font color="#990000">/</font><font color="#993399">4</font>, <b><font color="#000000">init</font></b><font color="#990000">/</font><font color="#993399">3</font>])<font color="#990000">.</font>
<b><font color="#000000">start_link</font></b>(<font color="#009900">ListenerPid</font>, <font color="#009900">Socket</font>, <font color="#009900">Transport</font>, <font color="#009900">Opts</font>) <font color="#990000">-></font>
<font color="#009900">Pid</font> <font color="#990000">=</font> <b><font color="#000080">spawn_link</font></b>(<b><font color="#000080">?MODULE</font></b>, <font color="#FF6600">init</font>, [<font color="#009900">ListenerPid</font>, <font color="#009900">Socket</font>, <font color="#009900">Transport</font>]),
{<font color="#FF6600">ok</font>, <font color="#009900">Pid</font>}<font color="#990000">.</font>
<b><font color="#000000">init</font></b>(<font color="#009900">ListenerPid</font>, <font color="#009900">Socket</font>, <font color="#009900">Transport</font>) <font color="#990000">-></font>
<b><font color="#000000">io:format</font></b>(<font color="#FF0000">"Got a connection!~n"</font>),
<font color="#FF6600">ok</font><font color="#990000">.</font></tt></pre>
</div></div>
<p>When Ranch receives a connection, it will call the <code>start_link/4</code> function with the listener's pid, socket, transport module to be used, and the options we define when starting the listener. We don't need options for the purpose of this article, so we don't pass them to the process we are creating.</p>
<p>Let's open a shell and start a Ranch listener to begin accepting connections. We only need to call one function. You should probably open it in another terminal and keep it open for convenience. If you quit the shell you will have to repeat the commands to proceed.</p>
<p>Also note that you need to type <code>c(ranch_ftp_protocol).</code> to recompile and reload the code for the protocol. You do not need to restart any process however.</p>
<div class="listingblock"><div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt>$ erl -pa ebin deps<font color="#990000">/*</font>/ebin
Erlang R15B02 <font color="#990000">(</font>erts-<font color="#993399">5.9</font><font color="#990000">.</font><font color="#993399">2</font><font color="#990000">)</font> <font color="#990000">[</font><b><font color="#0000FF">source</font></b><font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#990000">[</font><font color="#993399">64</font>-bit<font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#990000">[</font>smp<font color="#990000">:</font><font color="#993399">4</font><font color="#990000">:</font><font color="#993399">4</font><font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#990000">[</font>async-threads<font color="#990000">:</font><font color="#993399">0</font><font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#990000">[</font>hipe<font color="#990000">]</font> <font color="#990000">[</font>kernel-poll<font color="#990000">:</font><b><font color="#0000FF">false</font></b><font color="#990000">]</font>
Eshell V5<font color="#990000">.</font><font color="#993399">9.2</font> <font color="#990000">(</font>abort with <font color="#990000">^</font>G<font color="#990000">)</font></tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="listingblock"><div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><font color="#993399">1</font><font color="#990000">></font> <b><font color="#000000">application:start</font></b>(<font color="#FF6600">ranch</font>)<font color="#990000">.</font>
<font color="#FF6600">ok</font>
<font color="#993399">2</font><font color="#990000">></font> <b><font color="#000000">ranch:start_listener</font></b>(<font color="#FF6600">my_ftp</font>, <font color="#993399">10</font>,
<font color="#FF6600">ranch_tcp</font>, [{<font color="#FF6600">port</font>, <font color="#993399">2121</font>}],
<font color="#FF6600">ranch_ftp_protocol</font>, [])<font color="#990000">.</font>
{<font color="#FF6600">ok</font>,<font color="#990000"><</font><font color="#993399">0.40</font><font color="#990000">.</font><font color="#993399">0</font><font color="#990000">></font>}</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<p>This starts a listener named <code>my_ftp</code> that runs your very own <code>ranch_ftp_protocol</code> over TCP, listening on port <code>2121</code>. The last argument is the options given to the protocol that we ignored earlier.</p>
<p>To try your code, you can use the following command. It should be able to connect, the server will print a message in the console, and then the client will print an error.</p>
<div class="listingblock"><div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt>$ ftp localhost <font color="#993399">2121</font></tt></pre>
</div></div>
<p>Let's move on to actually writing the protocol.</p>
<p>Once you have created the new process and returned the pid, Ranch will give ownership of the socket to you. This requires a synchronization step though.</p>
<div class="listingblock"><div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><b><font color="#000000">init</font></b>(<font color="#009900">ListenerPid</font>, <font color="#009900">Socket</font>, <font color="#009900">Transport</font>) <font color="#990000">-></font>
<font color="#0000FF">ok</font> <font color="#990000">=</font> <b><font color="#000000">ranch:accept_ack</font></b>(<font color="#009900">ListenerPid</font>),
<font color="#FF6600">ok</font><font color="#990000">.</font></tt></pre>
</div></div>
<p>Now that you acknowledged the new connection, you can use it safely.</p>
<p>When an FTP server accepts a connection, it starts by sending a welcome message which can be one or more lines starting with the code <code>200</code>. Then the server will wait for the client to authenticate the user, and if the authentication went successfully, which it will always do for the purpose of this article, it will reply with a <code>230</code> code.</p>
<div class="listingblock"><div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><b><font color="#000000">init</font></b>(<font color="#009900">ListenerPid</font>, <font color="#009900">Socket</font>, <font color="#009900">Transport</font>) <font color="#990000">-></font>
<font color="#0000FF">ok</font> <font color="#990000">=</font> <b><font color="#000000">ranch:accept_ack</font></b>(<font color="#009900">ListenerPid</font>),
<font color="#009900">Transport</font><font color="#990000">:</font><b><font color="#000000">send</font></b>(<font color="#009900">Socket</font>, <font color="#990000"><<</font><font color="#FF0000">"200 My cool FTP server welcomes you!\r\n"</font><font color="#990000">>></font>),
{<font color="#FF6600">ok</font>, <font color="#009900">Data</font>} <font color="#990000">=</font> <font color="#009900">Transport</font><font color="#990000">:</font><b><font color="#000000">recv</font></b>(<font color="#009900">Socket</font>, <font color="#993399">0</font>, <font color="#993399">30000</font>),
<b><font color="#000000">auth</font></b>(<font color="#009900">Socket</font>, <font color="#009900">Transport</font>, <font color="#009900">Data</font>)<font color="#990000">.</font>
<b><font color="#000000">auth</font></b>(<font color="#009900">Socket</font>, <font color="#009900">Transport</font>, <font color="#990000"><<</font><font color="#FF0000">"USER "</font>, <font color="#009900">Rest</font><font color="#990000">/</font><font color="#FF6600">bits</font><font color="#990000">>></font>) <font color="#990000">-></font>
<b><font color="#000000">io:format</font></b>(<font color="#FF0000">"User authenticated! ~p~n"</font>, [<font color="#009900">Rest</font>]),
<font color="#009900">Transport</font><font color="#990000">:</font><b><font color="#000000">send</font></b>(<font color="#009900">Socket</font>, <font color="#990000"><<</font><font color="#FF0000">"230 Auth OK\r\n"</font><font color="#990000">>></font>),
<font color="#FF6600">ok</font><font color="#990000">.</font></tt></pre>
</div></div>
<p>As you can see we don't need complex parsing code. We can simply match on the binary in the argument!</p>
<p>Next we need to loop receiving data commands and optionally execute them, if we want our server to become useful.</p>
<p>We will replace the <code>ok.</code> line with the call to the following function. The new function is recursive, each call receiving data from the socket and sending a response. For now we will send an error response for all commands the client sends.</p>
<div class="listingblock"><div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><b><font color="#000000">loop</font></b>(<font color="#009900">Socket</font>, <font color="#009900">Transport</font>) <font color="#990000">-></font>
<b><font color="#0000FF">case</font></b> <font color="#009900">Transport</font><font color="#990000">:</font><b><font color="#000000">recv</font></b>(<font color="#009900">Socket</font>, <font color="#993399">0</font>, <font color="#993399">30000</font>) <b><font color="#0000FF">of</font></b>
{<font color="#FF6600">ok</font>, <font color="#009900">Data</font>} <font color="#990000">-></font>
<b><font color="#000000">handle</font></b>(<font color="#009900">Socket</font>, <font color="#009900">Transport</font>, <font color="#009900">Data</font>),
<b><font color="#000000">loop</font></b>(<font color="#009900">Socket</font>, <font color="#009900">Transport</font>);
{<font color="#FF6600">error</font>, <font color="#990000">_</font>} <font color="#990000">-></font>
<b><font color="#000000">io:format</font></b>(<font color="#FF0000">"The client disconnected~n"</font>)
<b><font color="#0000FF">end</font></b><font color="#990000">.</font>
<b><font color="#000000">handle</font></b>(<font color="#009900">Socket</font>, <font color="#009900">Transport</font>, <font color="#009900">Data</font>) <font color="#990000">-></font>
<b><font color="#000000">io:format</font></b>(<font color="#FF0000">"Command received ~p~n"</font>, [<font color="#009900">Data</font>]),
<font color="#009900">Transport</font><font color="#990000">:</font><b><font color="#000000">send</font></b>(<font color="#009900">Socket</font>, <font color="#990000"><<</font><font color="#FF0000">"500 Bad command\r\n"</font><font color="#990000">>></font>)<font color="#990000">.</font></tt></pre>
</div></div>
<p>With this we are almost ready to start implementing commands. But with code like this we might have errors if the client doesn't send just one command per packet, or if the packets arrive too fast, or if a command is split over multiple packets.</p>
<p>To solve this, we need to use a buffer. Each time we receive data, we will append to the buffer, and then check if we have received a command fully before running it. The code could look similar to the following.</p>
<div class="listingblock"><div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.9
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><b><font color="#000000">loop</font></b>(<font color="#009900">Socket</font>, <font color="#009900">Transport</font>, <font color="#009900">Buffer</font>) <font color="#990000">-></font>
<b><font color="#0000FF">case</font></b> <font color="#009900">Transport</font><font color="#990000">:</font><b><font color="#000000">recv</font></b>(<font color="#009900">Socket</font>, <font color="#993399">0</font>, <font color="#993399">30000</font>) <b><font color="#0000FF">of</font></b>
{<font color="#FF6600">ok</font>, <font color="#009900">Data</font>} <font color="#990000">-></font>
<font color="#009900">Buffer2</font> <font color="#990000">=</font> <font color="#990000"><<</font> <font color="#009900">Buffer</font><font color="#990000">/</font><b><font color="#000080">binary</font></b>, <font color="#009900">Data</font><font color="#990000">/</font><b><font color="#000080">binary</font></b> <font color="#990000">>></font>,
{<font color="#009900">Commands</font>, <font color="#009900">Rest</font>} <font color="#990000">=</font> <b><font color="#000000">split</font></b>(<font color="#009900">Buffer2</font>),
[<b><font color="#000000">handle</font></b>(<font color="#009900">Socket</font>, <font color="#009900">Transport</font>, <font color="#009900">C</font>) || <font color="#009900">C</font> <font color="#990000"><-</font> <font color="#009900">Commands</font>],
<b><font color="#000000">loop</font></b>(<font color="#009900">Socket</font>, <font color="#009900">Transport</font>, <font color="#009900">Rest</font>);
{<font color="#FF6600">error</font>, <font color="#990000">_</font>} <font color="#990000">-></font>
<b><font color="#000000">io:format</font></b>(<font color="#FF0000">"The client disconnected~n"</font>)
<b><font color="#0000FF">end</font></b><font color="#990000">.</font></tt></pre>
</div></div>
<p>The implementation of <code>split/1</code> is left as an exercice to the reader. You will also probably want to handle the <code>QUIT</code> command, which must stop any processing and close the connection.</p>
<p>The attentive reader will also take note that in the case of text- based protocols where commands are separated by line breaks, you can set an option using <code>Transport:setopts/2</code> and have all the buffering done for you for free by Erlang itself.</p>
<p>As you can surely notice by now, Ranch allows us to build network applications by getting out of our way entirely past the initial setup. It lets you use the power of binary pattern matching to write text and binary protocol implementations in just a few lines of code.</p>
<ul><li><a href="http://www.erlang-factory.com/conference/London2012/speakers/LoicHoguin">Watch the talk</a>
</li>
</ul>
</article>
</div>
<div class="span3 sidecol">
<h3>More articles</h3>
<ul id="articles-nav" class="extra_margin">
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/merry-christmas-2019/">Merry Christmas 2019: New Beginnings</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/github-sponsors/">GitHub Sponsors</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/cowboy-2.7.0/">Cowboy 2.7</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/gun-2.0.0-pre.1/">Gun 2.0 pre-release 1</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/gun-2.0.0-pre.2/">Gun 2.0 pre-release 2</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/erlang-meetup-10-septembre-2019/">Erlang meetup: 10 septembre 2019</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/ranch-2.0.0-rc.1/">Ranch 2.0 release candidate 1</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/joe_the_rubber_duck/">Joe Armstrong the rubber duck</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/merry-christmas-2018/">Merry Christmas 2018: A Recap</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/cowboy-2.6.0/">Cowboy 2.6</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/ranch-1.7.0/">Ranch 1.7</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/cowboy-2.5.0/">Cowboy 2.5</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/gun-1.3.0/">Gun 1.3</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/gun-1.2.0/">Gun 1.2</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/ranch-1.6.0/">Ranch 1.6</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/gun-1.0.0/">Gun 1.0</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/asciideck/">Asciideck: Asciidoc for Erlang</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/gun-1.0.0-rc.1/">Gun 1.0 release candidate 1</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/cowboy-2.4.0/">Cowboy 2.4</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/cowboy-2.3.0/">Cowboy 2.3</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/cowboy-2.2.0/">Cowboy 2.2</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/cowboy-2.1.0/">Cowboy 2.1</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/cowboy-2.0.0/">Cowboy 2.0</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/cowboy-2.0.0-rc.2/">Cowboy 2.0 release candidate 2</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/cowboy-2.0.0-rc.1/">Cowboy 2.0 release candidate 1</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/the-elephant-in-the-room/">The elephant in the room</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/dont-let-it-crash/">Don't let it crash</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/cowboy-2.0.0-pre.4/">Cowboy 2.0 pre-release 4</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/ranch-1.3/">Ranch 1.3</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/ml-archives/">Mailing list archived</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/website-update/">Website update</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/erlanger-playbook-september-2015-update/">The Erlanger Playbook September 2015 Update</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/erlanger-playbook/">The Erlanger Playbook</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/erlang-validate-utf8/">Validating UTF-8 binaries with Erlang</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/on-open-source/">On open source</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/the-story-so-far/">The story so far</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/cowboy2-qs/">Cowboy 2.0 and query strings</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/january-2014-status/">January 2014 status</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/farwest-funded/">Farwest got funded!</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/erlang.mk-and-relx/">Build Erlang releases with Erlang.mk and Relx</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/xerl-0.5-intermediate-module/">Xerl: intermediate module</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/xerl-0.4-expression-separator/">Xerl: expression separator</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/erlang-scalability/">Erlang Scalability</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/xerl-0.3-atomic-expressions/">Xerl: atomic expressions</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/xerl-0.2-two-modules/">Xerl: two modules</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/xerl-0.1-empty-modules/">Xerl: empty modules</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/ranch-ftp/">Build an FTP Server with Ranch in 30 Minutes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/tictactoe/">Erlang Tic Tac Toe</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Feedback</h3>
<p>Feel free to <a href="mailto:[email protected]">email us</a>
if you found any mistake or need clarification on any of the
articles.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<footer>
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div class="span6">
<p id="scroll-top"><a href="#">↑ Scroll to top</a></p>
<nav>
<ul>
<li><a href="mailto:[email protected]" title="Contact us">Contact us</a></li><li><a href="https://github.com/ninenines/ninenines.github.io" title="Github repository">Contribute to this site</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
<div class="span6 credits">
<p><img src="/img/footer_logo.png"></p>
<p>Copyright © Loïc Hoguin 2012-2018</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</footer>
<script src="/js/custom.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
|
