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<h1 class="lined-header"><span>Erlang Tic Tac Toe</span></h1>
<p class="date">
<span class="day">17</span>
<span class="month">Oct</span>
</p>
</header>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Everyone knows <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tic-tac-toe">Tic Tac Toe</a>,
right?</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Players choose either to be the Xs or the Os, then place their symbol
on a 3x3 board one after another, trying to create a line of 3 of them.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Writing an algorithm to check for victory sounds easy, right? It’s
easily tested, considering there’s only 8 possible winning rows (3 horizontal,
3 vertical and 2 diagonal).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In Erlang though, you probably wouldn’t want an algorithm. Erlang has
this cool feature called pattern matching which will allow us to completely
avoid writing the algorithm by instead letting us match directly on the
solutions.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Let’s first create a board. A board is a list of 3 rows each containing
3 columns. It can also be thought of as a tuple containing 9 elements.
A tuple is easier to manipulate so this is what we are going to use.
Each position can either contain an <code>x</code>, an <code>o</code>,
or be <code>undefined</code>.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">new</span></span>() <span style="color: #990000">-></span>
{<span style="color: #000080">undefined</span>, <span style="color: #000080">undefined</span>, <span style="color: #000080">undefined</span>,
<span style="color: #000080">undefined</span>, <span style="color: #000080">undefined</span>, <span style="color: #000080">undefined</span>,
<span style="color: #000080">undefined</span>, <span style="color: #000080">undefined</span>, <span style="color: #000080">undefined</span>}<span style="color: #990000">.</span></tt></pre></div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Now that we have a board, if we want to play, we need a function that
will allow players to, you know, actually play their moves. Rows and
columns are numbered 1 to 3 so we need a little math to correctly
deduce the element’s position.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">play</span></span>(<span style="color: #009900">Who</span>, <span style="color: #009900">X</span>, <span style="color: #009900">Y</span>, <span style="color: #009900">Board</span>) <span style="color: #990000">-></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">setelement</span></span>((<span style="color: #009900">Y</span> <span style="color: #990000">-</span> <span style="color: #993399">1</span>) <span style="color: #990000">*</span> <span style="color: #993399">3</span> <span style="color: #990000">+</span> <span style="color: #009900">X</span>, <span style="color: #009900">Board</span>, <span style="color: #009900">Who</span>)<span style="color: #990000">.</span></tt></pre></div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This function returns the board with the element modified. Of course,
as you probably noticed, we aren’t checking that the arguments are correct,
or that the element was already set. This is left as an exercise to the
reader.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>After playing the move, we need to check whether someone won. That’s
where you’d write an algorithm, and that’s where I wouldn’t. Let’s just
pattern match all of them!</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">check</span></span>(<span style="color: #009900">Board</span>) <span style="color: #990000">-></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">case</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">Board</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">of</span></span>
{<span style="color: #FF6600">x</span>, <span style="color: #FF6600">x</span>, <span style="color: #FF6600">x</span>,
<span style="color: #990000">_</span>, <span style="color: #990000">_</span>, <span style="color: #990000">_</span>,
<span style="color: #990000">_</span>, <span style="color: #990000">_</span>, <span style="color: #990000">_</span>} <span style="color: #990000">-></span> {<span style="color: #FF6600">victory</span>, <span style="color: #FF6600">x</span>};
{<span style="color: #FF6600">x</span>, <span style="color: #990000">_</span>, <span style="color: #990000">_</span>,
<span style="color: #990000">_</span>, <span style="color: #FF6600">x</span>, <span style="color: #990000">_</span>,
<span style="color: #990000">_</span>, <span style="color: #990000">_</span>, <span style="color: #FF6600">x</span>} <span style="color: #990000">-></span> {<span style="color: #FF6600">victory</span>, <span style="color: #FF6600">x</span>};
{<span style="color: #FF6600">x</span>, <span style="color: #990000">_</span>, <span style="color: #990000">_</span>,
<span style="color: #FF6600">x</span>, <span style="color: #990000">_</span>, <span style="color: #990000">_</span>,
<span style="color: #FF6600">x</span>, <span style="color: #990000">_</span>, <span style="color: #990000">_</span>} <span style="color: #990000">-></span> {<span style="color: #FF6600">victory</span>, <span style="color: #FF6600">x</span>};
<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900">%% [snip]</span></span>
<span style="color: #990000">_</span> <span style="color: #990000">-></span> <span style="color: #FF6600">ok</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span><span style="color: #990000">.</span></tt></pre></div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Pattern matching allows us to simply <em>draw</em> the solutions
directly inside our code, and if the board matches any of them, then we
have a victory or a draw, otherwise the game can continue.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <code>_</code> variable is special in that it always matches,
allowing us to focus strictly on the winning row. And because it’s very
graphical, if we were to have messed up somewhere, then we’d only need
take a quick glance to be sure the winning solutions are the right ones.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Erlang allows us to transform algorithms into very graphical code thanks
to its pattern matching feature, and let us focus on doing things instead
of writing algorithms to do things.</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<a href="/res/tictactoe.erl">tictactoe.erl</a>
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="span3 sidecol">
<h3>More articles</h3>
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<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/cowboy-2.2.0/">Cowboy 2.2</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/cowboy-2.1.0/">Cowboy 2.1</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/cowboy-2.0.0/">Cowboy 2.0</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/erlanger-playbook-september-2015-update/">The Erlanger Playbook September 2015 Update</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/erlang-scalability/">Erlang Scalability</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/xerl-0.3-atomic-expressions/">Xerl: atomic expressions</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/xerl-0.2-two-modules/">Xerl: two modules</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/xerl-0.1-empty-modules/">Xerl: empty modules</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/tictactoe/">Erlang Tic Tac Toe</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>Feedback</h3>
<p>Feel free to <a href="mailto:[email protected]">email us</a>
if you found any mistake or need clarification on any of the
articles.</p>
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