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<h1 class="lined-header"><span>Xerl: atomic expressions</span></h1>
<p class="date">
<span class="day">18</span>
<span class="month">Feb</span>
</p>
</header>
<div class="paragraph"><p>We will be adding atomic integer expressions to our language.
These look as follow in Erlang:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="color: #993399">42</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span></tt></pre></div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>And the result of this expression is of course 42.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>We will be running this expression at compile time, since we
don’t have the means to run code at runtime yet. This will of
course result in no module being compiled, but that’s OK, it will
allow us to discuss a few important things we’ll have to plan for
later on.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>First, we must of course accept integers in the tokenizer.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt>{<span style="color: #009900">D</span>}<span style="color: #990000">+</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span> {<span style="color: #FF6600">token</span>, {<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">integer</span></span>, <span style="color: #009900">TokenLine</span>, <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">list_to_integer</span></span>(<span style="color: #009900">TokenChars</span>)}}<span style="color: #990000">.</span></tt></pre></div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>We must then accept atomic integer expressions in the parser.
This is a simple change. The integer token is terminal so we need
to add it to the list of terminals, and then we only need to add
it as a possible expression.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="color: #FF6600">expr</span> <span style="color: #990000">-></span> <span style="color: #FF6600">integer</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span> <span style="color: #FF6600">'$1'</span><span style="color: #990000">.</span></tt></pre></div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>A file containing only the number 42 (with no terminating dot)
will give the following result when parsing it. This is incidentally
the same result as when tokenizing.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt>[{<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">integer</span></span>,<span style="color: #993399">1</span>,<span style="color: #993399">42</span>}]</tt></pre></div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>We must then evaluate it. We’re going to interpret it for now.
Since the result of this expression is not stored in a variable,
we are going to simply print it on the screen and discard it.</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">execute</span></span>(<span style="color: #009900">Filename</span>, [{<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">integer</span></span>, <span style="color: #990000">_</span>, <span style="color: #009900">Int</span>}|<span style="color: #009900">Tail</span>], <span style="color: #009900">Modules</span>) <span style="color: #990000">-></span>
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">io:format</span></span>(<span style="color: #FF0000">"integer ~p~n"</span>, [<span style="color: #009900">Int</span>]),
<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">execute</span></span>(<span style="color: #009900">Filename</span>, <span style="color: #009900">Tail</span>, <span style="color: #009900">Modules</span>)<span style="color: #990000">.</span></tt></pre></div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You might think by now that what we’ve done so far this time
is useless. It brings up many interesting questions though.</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
What happens if a file contains two integers?
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Can we live without expression separators?
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Do we need an interpreter for the compile step?
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This is what happens when we create a file that contains two
integers on two separate lines:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt>[{<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">integer</span></span>,<span style="color: #993399">1</span>,<span style="color: #993399">42</span>},{<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">integer</span></span>,<span style="color: #993399">2</span>,<span style="color: #993399">43</span>}]</tt></pre></div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>And on the same lines:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt>[{<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">integer</span></span>,<span style="color: #993399">1</span>,<span style="color: #993399">42</span>},{<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">integer</span></span>,<span style="color: #993399">1</span>,<span style="color: #993399">43</span>}]</tt></pre></div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Does this mean we do not need separators between expressions?
Not quite. The <code>+</code> and <code>-</code> operators are an
example of why we can’t have nice things. They are ambiguous. They
have two different meanings: make an atomic integer positive or
negative, or perform an addition or a substraction between two
integers. Without a separator you won’t be able to know if the
following snippet is one or two expressions:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="color: #993399">42</span> <span style="color: #990000">-</span> <span style="color: #993399">12</span></tt></pre></div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Can we use the line ending as an expression separator then?
Some languages make whitespace important, often the line
separator becomes the expression separator. I do not think this
is the best idea, it can lead to errors. For example the following
snippet would be two expressions:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
<pre><tt><span style="color: #009900">Var</span> <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">some_module:some_function</span></span>() <span style="color: #990000">+</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">some_module:other_function</span></span>()
<span style="color: #990000">+</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000000">another_module:another_function</span></span>()</tt></pre></div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>It is not obvious what would happen unless you are a veteran
of the language, and so we will not go down that road. We will use
an expression separator just like in Erlang: the comma. We will
however allow a trailing comma to make copy pasting code easier,
even if this means some old academics guy will go nuts about it
later on. This trailing comma will be optional and simply discarded
by the parser when encountered. We will implement this next.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The question as to how we will handle running expressions
remains. We have two choices here: we can write an interpreter,
or we can compile the code and run it. Writing an interpreter
would require us to do twice the work, and we are lazy, so we will
not do that.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>You might already know that Erlang does not use the same code
for compiling and for evaluating commands in the shell. The main
reason for this is that in Erlang everything isn’t an expression.
Indeed, the compiler compiles forms which contain expressions,
but you can’t have forms in the shell.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>How are we going to compile the code that isn’t part of a module
then? What do we need to run at compile-time, anyway? The body of
the file itself, of course. The body of module declarations. That’s
about it.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For the file itself, we can simply compile it as a big function
that will be executed. Then, everytime we encounter a module
declaration, we will run the compiler on its body, making its body
essentially a big function that will be executed. The same mechanism
will be applied when we encounter a module declaration at runtime.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>At runtime there’s nothing else for us to do, the result of this
operation will load all the compiled modules. At compile time we
will also want to save them to a file. We’ll see later how we can
do that.</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<a href="https://github.com/extend/xerl/blob/0.3/">View the source</a>
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="span3 sidecol">
<h3>More articles</h3>
<ul id="articles-nav" class="extra_margin">
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/ml-archives/">Mailing list archived</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/website-update/">Website update</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/erlanger-playbook-september-2015-update/">The Erlanger Playbook September 2015 Update</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/erlanger-playbook/">The Erlanger Playbook</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/on-open-source/">On open source</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/the-story-so-far/">The story so far</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/january-2014-status/">January 2014 status</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://ninenines.eu/articles/xerl-0.3-atomic-expressions/">Xerl: atomic expressions</a></li>
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<h3>Feedback</h3>
<p>Feel free to <a href="mailto:[email protected]">email us</a>
if you found any mistake or need clarification on any of the
articles.</p>
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