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    <title>Nine Nines</title>
    <link>https://ninenines.eu/index.xml</link>
    <description>Recent content on Nine Nines</description>
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    <item>
      <title>The elephant in the room</title>
      <link>https://ninenines.eu/articles/the-elephant-in-the-room/</link>
      <pubDate>Sun, 26 Mar 2017 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
      
      <guid>https://ninenines.eu/articles/the-elephant-in-the-room/</guid>
      <description>&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Have you ever tried telling someone why they should use
Erlang? You boast the smaller code size, the auto healing
mechanisms, the distribution and they seem really excited.
They wonder why they never heard about Erlang before. And
then you show them what the code looks like. All excitement
goes away. The smiles disappear. Their face starts
becoming really serious.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;You lost them. You know you lost them. They comment on the
syntax, or perhaps you do, already admitting defeat. It&amp;#8217;s
unlike anything they have ever used before. And they will
most likely end up not using it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;What about people who already know what the syntax looks
like? As soon as you mention Erlang, the topic of the syntax
comes in. It&amp;#8217;s like nothing else matters.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps the topic of syntax didn&amp;#8217;t come up. But they&amp;#8217;re
still not going to try Erlang because of it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;You&amp;#8217;re probably not having these kinds of interactions at
Erlang conferences. This doesn&amp;#8217;t happen with people who are
already somewhat interested in, or need, the features that
Erlang provides. With them the syntax is at worst a minor
inconvenience.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;This happens because most developers are familiar with
syntaxes that look nothing like Erlang. To be clear, I
include language features and other concepts like objects
as part of &#34;syntax&#34; here. Familiarity is a very important
factor to drive adoption.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can see an example of that in the Elixir world, where
the majority of people come from Ruby or already knew and
liked Ruby. The 2016 survey tells us that 59% of Elixir
developers were using Ruby primarily before. That&amp;#8217;s in
large part because of the syntax. They will deny it of
course and find other reasons. And yet, we don&amp;#8217;t see such
a strong adoption of Erlang from Ruby developers, before
or after Elixir appeared.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Side note: have you ever wondered why the Elixir community
is, I quote, much friendlier than the Ruby community?
Despite having much of the same people?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Before we continue, let me be clear. I love the Erlang
syntax. It is simple and explicit. It is powerful, especially
when dealing with binary data. It has very few quirks.
It has little to no ambiguity. It&amp;#8217;s great. Except for
persuading people to use it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Over the years I have been writing Erlang, I have seen
very few people point out that the syntax slows down
adoption. We have no problem with it, so why would others?
At the same time, people coming to Erlang come to solve
a real problem they&amp;#8217;re having, so the syntax is fairly
secondary. Even if they hate it at first, they know they
can solve their problems despite the syntax.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;You don&amp;#8217;t build a popular product or language by solving
people&amp;#8217;s problems though. In general you end up solving
some problems and creating new problems. No, you build
a popular product by &lt;strong&gt;convincing people to use it&lt;/strong&gt;. And
you make them stay with your product by making them
&lt;strong&gt;commit&lt;/strong&gt; to using it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Take MongoDB for example. It didn&amp;#8217;t become popular by
working, or even by being practical. It wasn&amp;#8217;t performing
its primary function and was losing people&amp;#8217;s data. That
didn&amp;#8217;t stop it from becoming popular. Smart people would
knowingly use a database that was losing data. Think about
that for a minute.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;MongoDB of course had a huge marketing machine, and they
focused on that. They helped organize many meetups all
over the world, complete with various swag items given
for free, including a small handbook about MongoDB. All
people had to do was show up.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;They didn&amp;#8217;t go tell people to look at all the weaknesses
their product had. They focused on the strengths. On
what would convince people to try it. They would go
to meetups, discuss with others, commit to try it (or
try it at meetups directly), and by doing so sell MongoDB
to themselves.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;How do we get people to meetups though? That&amp;#8217;d be the
first step: you need to &lt;strong&gt;catch their attention&lt;/strong&gt;.
I believe MongoDB did this using benchmark results.
Ironic isn&amp;#8217;t it? MongoDB gets fast benchmark results
because they lose data, and this gets everyone to buy
into the product.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The key points to remember about this are:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;ulist&#34;&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
catch people&amp;#8217;s attention
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
show your product&amp;#8217;s strengths
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
make people take a commitment
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Once they commit to something, you win. Everyone will not
end up ultimately using your product of course, but it&amp;#8217;s
at the very least become a consideration. It&amp;#8217;s on their
mind. Their resolve will be stronger when they ultimately
try it and inevitably run into issues.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Erlang&amp;#8217;s syntax is a weakness. Almost nobody looks at the
Erlang syntax and falls in love with it at first sight.
No, it takes time to learn it and understand how good it
is. You need to sell Erlang to people without showing
the Erlang syntax. If you do show it, then you need to
hide the parts that feel alien. Function calls are OK.
Recursion, not so much. Maps are OK. Records, not.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Avoiding code is not always possible when you try
to sell it, especially to developers. You can however
prepare them to accept the alien syntax by admitting
that the syntax is not perfect before you show it.
You can do this while praising it at the same time.
For example, &#34;the syntax is a little out there, but
it matches the concepts perfectly, it will all make
sense when you start learning&#34;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;This might not be the best introduction. Someone will
need to A/B test it to find the one that gives the
best results. But that should give you ideas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;When something terrible happens, mentioning that this
isn&amp;#8217;t the end of the world &lt;strong&gt;before&lt;/strong&gt; you tell others what
happened will soften their reaction. When someone
breaks your favorite item and cries over it calling
themselves stupid, it&amp;#8217;s harder to get mad at them,
compared to the same event with no emotional reaction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Our behavior is largely dependent on what&amp;#8217;s at the
top of our mind, so it&amp;#8217;s up to you to take advantage
of this to make your case in the best conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Next time you try to make someone use Erlang, remember
that you should aim for getting a spoken commitment
out of them, if possible before you show the syntax.
If that&amp;#8217;s not possible, then prepare them to accept
the flaws or the weirdness before they see them.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Don&#39;t let it crash</title>
      <link>https://ninenines.eu/articles/dont-let-it-crash/</link>
      <pubDate>Sun, 22 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
      
      <guid>https://ninenines.eu/articles/dont-let-it-crash/</guid>
      <description>&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;We have a specific mindset when writing Erlang
programs. We focus on the normal execution of the
program and don&amp;#8217;t handle most of the errors that may
occur. We sometimes call this normal execution the
&lt;em&gt;happy path&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The general pattern behind writing only for the
&lt;em&gt;happy path&lt;/em&gt;, letting the VM catch errors (writing
them to a log for future consumption) and then
having a supervisor restart the processes that
failed from a clean state, has a name. We call it
&lt;em&gt;let it crash&lt;/em&gt;; and it drives many of our design
decisions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;It&amp;#8217;s a really great way to program and the results
are fantastic compared to most other programming
languages. And yet, &lt;em&gt;let it crash&lt;/em&gt; barely convinced
anyone that they should use Erlang. Why would that
be?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;You may already know that Cowboy is capable of
handling at least 2 million Websocket connections
on a single server. This is in large part thanks
to the capabilities of the VM. Still, 2 million
is good, much better than most other servers can
do.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cowboy is not just a Websocket server; it&amp;#8217;s also
an HTTP and HTTP/2 server, and it handles many
related features like long polling or the parsing
of most request headers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Can you guess how large the Cowboy codebase is,
without looking at the source?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do make sure you have a clear answer in your mind
before you go check.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Good, you are back. Now what were the results? If
I am correct, you overestimated the size of Cowboy.
Cowboy is in fact about five thousand lines of code.
You probably thought it was at least ten thousand.
About eighty percent of readers will have
overestimated the size of Cowboy. And you did only
because I mentioned it can handle millions of
Websocket connections.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Numerous studies show this effect. Just mentioning
the large number already prepared your mind to think
in that direction. Repeating the number made you
focus even more on it. Then the question asked for
a number, which ended up larger than the reality.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The same effect can be applied to negotiation for
example. You generally want to start by giving your
offer (and not let the other party initiate) and
you want to give a really large number first. You
can also prepare your customer by mentioning an even
larger number in the previous discussion.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;And it&amp;#8217;s not just numbers either. An experiment
showed that just by looking at an image of clouds,
customers of a pillow store were buying pillows
more comfortable (and more expensive) than those
who didn&amp;#8217;t see that image.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;This is the power of associations. It is covered in
much larger detail in the books
&lt;a href=&#34;https://www.amazon.com/Influence-Psychology-Persuasion-Robert-Cialdini/dp/006124189X&#34;&gt;Influence&lt;/a&gt;
and
&lt;a href=&#34;https://www.amazon.com/Pre-Suasion-Revolutionary-Way-Influence-Persuade/dp/1501109790&#34;&gt;Pre-suasion&lt;/a&gt;.
I highly recommend reading those and applying what
you learn to your daily life. I&amp;#8217;m definitely not
a professional psychologist so take this post with
a grain of salt.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;When selling Erlang, whether we are selling it to
a customer or trying to convince a developer friend
to start using it, we often talk about how Erlang
&lt;em&gt;lets you sleep at night&lt;/em&gt;, that it is auto healing
and always gets fantastic uptimes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;And then we talk about &lt;em&gt;let it crash&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;And we describe what it means.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;We might as well just say that Erlang crashes a lot
and then take the door. It would have the same effect.
It doesn&amp;#8217;t even stop at programs crashing. You know
what else crashes? Cars, planes, trains. Often with
disastrous consequences. Is that really the message
we want to convey?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;They even &lt;a href=&#34;https://img.youtube.com/vi/oEUBW2lCkIk/0.jpg&#34;&gt;printed it on a t-shirt&lt;/a&gt;!
Keep calm and let it crash. It&amp;#8217;s the kind of t-shirt
you probably shouldn&amp;#8217;t wear in an airport, and for good
reasons. A few people did, then realized what they were
wearing and were not too smug about it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;And yet this is how we sell Erlang.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;A better way would be to focus on the positives, of
course, but also to make sure that those positives
are phrased in a way that prevents bad associations
to be formed in people&amp;#8217;s minds.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Instead of &lt;em&gt;let it crash&lt;/em&gt;, you can say that Erlang
has &lt;em&gt;auto healing mechanisms&lt;/em&gt;. Healing is a good
thing and accurately describes what happens in the
system.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Should you need to go into more details, you will
probably want to avoid &lt;em&gt;recover from crashes&lt;/em&gt; and
instead say &lt;em&gt;recover from exceptions&lt;/em&gt;. Exceptions
are a pretty neutral word and, should you explain
what you mean by that, you can talk about exceptions
that occur for reasons unrelated to Erlang, like
hardware failure or network instability.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The trick is to always use positive words and
phrases to describe Erlang, and to use external
factors to explain how Erlang deals with failures.
Never mention the failures internal to Erlang
systems unless you are asked specifically, in
which case you can say that the auto healing
applies to all exceptions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;em&gt;let it crash&lt;/em&gt; philosophy is great when
learning Erlang or when writing fault-tolerant
systems. But it&amp;#8217;s not going to convince anyone
to use it unless they were already looking for
it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do you like this post? Tell me on Twitter. I might
make more.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Cowboy 2.0 pre-release 4</title>
      <link>https://ninenines.eu/articles/cowboy-2.0.0-pre.4/</link>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
      
      <guid>https://ninenines.eu/articles/cowboy-2.0.0-pre.4/</guid>
      <description>&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cowboy &lt;code&gt;2.0.0-pre.4&lt;/code&gt; has been released!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;This is the new recommended version of Cowboy.
While I would not recommend putting it in production
just yet, I do recommend you start writing new
applications with this Cowboy version.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The most significant changes in the pre-release are:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;ulist&#34;&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
A new architecture: there now is one process per
  connection and one process per request. This was
  done because HTTP/2 allows running requests concurrently.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
Stream handlers. Every request, response and data goes
  through stream handlers. They are meant to replace hooks
  and more. They will be documented in a future pre-release.
  Check &lt;code&gt;cowboy_stream&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;cowboy_stream_h&lt;/code&gt; if interested.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
Numerous changes to the &lt;code&gt;cowboy_req&lt;/code&gt; interface. This
  is very close to final. Check the manual for what changed.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
The Req object is no longer passed in Websocket callbacks.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
It is now possible to send frames directly from &lt;code&gt;websocket_init/1&lt;/code&gt;.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
SPDY support was removed, now that we have HTTP/2.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
Update Ranch to 1.3. We still depend on Cowlib master
  for the time being.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
A much improved manual.
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The manual received a lot of love. It now has one page per
function with a detailed description, arguments list, return
value, changelog and examples. It also links to the other
relevant manual pages: &lt;a href=&#34;https://ninenines.eu/docs/en/cowboy/2.0/manual/&#34;&gt;https://ninenines.eu/docs/en/cowboy/2.0/manual/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I am quite proud of the manual right now. While more
improvements can be made, what we have now is way better
than before. Feedback for further improvements is welcome!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;This is a significant step toward Cowboy 2.0. Almost all
the breaking changes are in. A few more pre-releases are
planned and will be released on a weekly basis (with exceptions).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cowboy is now tested and supported with Erlang/OTP 18.0 or above
on Arch Linux, FreeBSD, OSX, Ubuntu and Windows 7. Contact me
if you can provide permanent access to another platform for the
purposes of testing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cowboy is now available from four locations:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;ulist&#34;&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&#34;https://git.ninenines.eu/cowboy.git&#34;&gt;https://git.ninenines.eu/cowboy.git&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&#34;https://github.com/ninenines/cowboy.git&#34;&gt;https://github.com/ninenines/cowboy.git&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&#34;https://bitbucket.org/ninenines/cowboy.git&#34;&gt;https://bitbucket.org/ninenines/cowboy.git&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&#34;https://gitlab.com/ninenines/cowboy.git&#34;&gt;https://gitlab.com/ninenines/cowboy.git&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;They are updated at the same time so there is no real difference.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Cowboy 2.0 will be released once all the breaking changes
are completed and the temporarily removed features are
added back.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for your patience. I know it took a long time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr/&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Half-price on all donations because I need a new hat:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Ranch 1.3</title>
      <link>https://ninenines.eu/articles/ranch-1.3/</link>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Nov 2016 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
      
      <guid>https://ninenines.eu/articles/ranch-1.3/</guid>
      <description>&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ranch &lt;code&gt;1.3.0&lt;/code&gt; has been released!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;This release fixes a number of long standing issues and adds
a small number of features:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;ssl&lt;/code&gt; application has been added to the list of dependencies.
If you don&amp;#8217;t need it, you can remove it automatically when fetching
Ranch or when building the release. If you do need it, you will no
longer have issues shutting down a node because of Ranch.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;ranch:info/0&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;ranch:procs/2&lt;/code&gt; can be used to retrieve
information about Ranch&amp;#8217;s state. Use it for diagnostic and
discovery purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;SSL listeners can now be configured without a certificate, for setups
that make use of the SNI extension.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Transport options are now a blacklist, meaning all unknown options
will be accepted. However Dialyzer will warn if said option is not
defined in Ranch&amp;#8217;s type specifications. Please send a patch when that
happens!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Various bugs have been fixed, including the bug where the
number of active connections could become negative. Common
errors at listener startup should be easier to read (for
example when the port is already in use).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;See the &lt;a href=&#34;https://git.ninenines.eu/ranch.git/plain/CHANGELOG.asciidoc&#34;&gt;CHANGELOG&lt;/a&gt;
for more details.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ranch is now tested and supported with Erlang/OTP R16B or above
on Arch Linux, FreeBSD, OSX, Ubuntu and Windows 7. Contact me
if you can provide permanent access to another platform for the
purposes of testing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ranch is now available from four locations:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;ulist&#34;&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&#34;https://git.ninenines.eu/ranch.git&#34;&gt;https://git.ninenines.eu/ranch.git&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&#34;https://github.com/ninenines/ranch.git&#34;&gt;https://github.com/ninenines/ranch.git&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&#34;https://bitbucket.org/ninenines/ranch.git&#34;&gt;https://bitbucket.org/ninenines/ranch.git&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&#34;https://gitlab.com/ninenines/ranch.git&#34;&gt;https://gitlab.com/ninenines/ranch.git&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;They are updated at the same time so there is no real difference.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The most recent Ranch commit is now always signed. You can import the
&lt;a href=&#34;https://pgp.mit.edu/pks/lookup?op=vindex&amp;amp;fingerprint=on&amp;amp;exact=on&amp;amp;search=0xF19F189CECC7439699CEDD7A6EF7A77066CCCC8A&#34;&gt;signing key for Loïc Hoguin&lt;/a&gt; with:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;listingblock&#34;&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;content&#34;&gt;&lt;!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;tt&gt;$ gpg --keyserver hkp&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;//keys&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;gnupg&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;net --recv-key 66CCCC8A&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The primary key fingerprint is &lt;code&gt;F19F 189C ECC7 4396 99CE  DD7A 6EF7 A770 66CC CC8A&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;When verifying signatures in git, the following should appear:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;listingblock&#34;&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;content&#34;&gt;&lt;!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;tt&gt;gpg&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; Signature made Sat &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;26&lt;/span&gt; Nov &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2016&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;58&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;35&lt;/span&gt; PM CET
gpg&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;                using RSA key 71366FF21851DF03
gpg&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; Good signature from &lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF0000&#34;&gt;&#34;Loïc Hoguin &amp;lt;[email protected]&amp;gt;&#34;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;unknown&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;
gpg&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; WARNING&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; This key is not certified with a trusted signature&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;!&lt;/span&gt;
gpg&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;          There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;
Primary key fingerprint&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; F19F 189C ECC7 &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;4396&lt;/span&gt; 99CE  DD7A 6EF7 A770 66CC CC8A
     Subkey fingerprint&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; FEDA &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;6E41&lt;/span&gt; B390 F745 A385  5CDC &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7136&lt;/span&gt; 6FF2 &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1851&lt;/span&gt; DF03&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can safely ignore the warning if you don&amp;#8217;t know what it
means, as long as everything else is correct.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mirrors and signature verification will soon be implemented
directly in Erlang.mk. In the meantime, you will need to
set them up manually.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Most of this work was done to fix issues in RabbitMQ. Paid
customers get priority; contact me if you have some issues
that need fixing sooner rather than later.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Expect future releases to be announced in this space.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Thanks for reading!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Mailing list archived</title>
      <link>https://ninenines.eu/articles/ml-archives/</link>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Aug 2016 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
      
      <guid>https://ninenines.eu/articles/ml-archives/</guid>
      <description>&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&#34;https://ninenines.eu/archives/extend&#34;&gt;old mailing list archives&lt;/a&gt; have been
added to the site, mainly for referencing purposes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The mailing list has been shut down and all personal information
has been deleted.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you need help with a project, consider either opening a ticket
on that project&amp;#8217;s issues tracker or going through the community
channels (erlang-questions, #ninenines or #erlang on Freenode).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Prefer tickets; often when people have issues it highlights an
underlying problem in the project or its documentation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Thanks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Website update</title>
      <link>https://ninenines.eu/articles/website-update/</link>
      <pubDate>Sat, 02 Apr 2016 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
      
      <guid>https://ninenines.eu/articles/website-update/</guid>
      <description>&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Last week-end I updated the Nine Nines website.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I switched to &lt;a href=&#34;http://gohugo.io/&#34;&gt;Hugo&lt;/a&gt;. The site is
now built from &lt;a href=&#34;http://asciidoc.org/&#34;&gt;Asciidoc&lt;/a&gt;
documents. You probably saw me switch to Asciidoc
for documentation this past year. This is the
natural conclusion to that story. The great thing
is that with a little bit of Makefile magic I can
just copy the documentation files into Hugo and
poof, they appear on the website.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I am very happy with that new setup. I can now
post my thoughts again. Woo! Expect regular posts
from now on. I will try to replace my long series
of tweets with posts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The sections have been rearranged. There used to
be a separate training section; now
&lt;a href=&#34;https://ninenines.eu/services&#34;&gt;all my services&lt;/a&gt; are described in
one page. I have also clarified my areas of
expertise. There used to be confusion in the past,
so now it should be clearer that I am not a
distributed systems expert.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;On that note, if you are looking for my
services right now, I&amp;#8217;m not available. I&amp;#8217;ll have
to work 7 days a week for a while. Try again in a
couple months. More on that in a future post.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The &lt;a href=&#34;https://ninenines.eu/docs&#34;&gt;documentation&lt;/a&gt; becomes a first class
citizen. Bullet and Cowlib don&amp;#8217;t have proper
documentation&amp;#8230; yet. I have started working on the
Cowlib documentation, and Bullet shouldn&amp;#8217;t take too
long. All these projects will be documented when
Cowboy gets to 2.0, and will all be supported
equally. Note that the Cowboy 1.0 documentation
still has the old website templates and links.
Don&amp;#8217;t worry about it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The mailing lists link has been removed. I did
announce a few months back that mailing lists were
going to go. They&amp;#8217;re still up right now, but not
for long. I am planning to put the archives
read-only, link to them from a future post and
be done with it. If you have a question, open a
ticket on Github. Then I can just decide to leave
the ticket open if I want to do improvements based
on your feedback.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I have replaced most of the &#34;we&#34; by &#34;I&#34;. I am
a one-man company right now. Have been for a while.
Doesn&amp;#8217;t make sense to keep a facade. I want to be
close to users, not put a barrier between us.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The RSS changed. The old link doesn&amp;#8217;t work anymore.
The new link is at &lt;a href=&#34;https://ninenines.eu/index.xml&#34;&gt;/index.xml&lt;/a&gt;,
or &lt;a href=&#34;https://ninenines.eu/articles/index.xml&#34;&gt;/articles/index.xml&lt;/a&gt;
if you only care about my posts. I guess that&amp;#8217;s the
one most people want.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I still have some tweaks to do, but it will take a
while. My long term plan is to remove Bootstrap, use
vanilla CSS and as little JS as possible. The reason
for that is that it&amp;#8217;s cheaper than upgrading libraries
every few years. Life is too short to spend it
upgrading JS libraries.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>The Erlanger Playbook September 2015 Update</title>
      <link>https://ninenines.eu/articles/erlanger-playbook-september-2015-update/</link>
      <pubDate>Wed, 02 Sep 2015 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
      
      <guid>https://ninenines.eu/articles/erlanger-playbook-september-2015-update/</guid>
      <description>&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;An update to The Erlanger Playbook is now available!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Erlanger Playbook is a book about software development using
Erlang. It currently covers all areas from the conception, design,
the writing of code, documentation and tests.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The book is still a work in progress. Future topics will include
refactoring, debugging and tracing, benchmarking, releases, community
management (for open source projects).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;This update fixes a number of things and adds two chapters: IOlists
and Erlang building blocks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Learn more about &lt;a href=&#34;https://ninenines.eu/articles/erlanger-playbook&#34;&gt;The Erlanger Playbook&lt;/a&gt;!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;This is a self-published ebook. The base price is 50€. All proceeds
will be used to allow me to work on open source full time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Thank you for helping me helping you help us all!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Consulting &amp; Training</title>
      <link>https://ninenines.eu/services/</link>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
      
      <guid>https://ninenines.eu/services/</guid>
      <description>&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you are interested by any of these opportunities,
&lt;a href=&#34;mailto:[email protected]&#34;&gt;send me an email&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;sect1&#34;&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;_consulting&#34;&gt;Consulting&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;sectionbody&#34;&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can get me, Loïc Hoguin, author of Cowboy, to help you
solve a problem or work on a particular project.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;My area of expertise is Erlang; HTTP, Websocket and REST APIs;
design and implementation of protocols; and messaging systems.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I can also be helpful with testing or code reviews.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I offer both hourly and daily rates:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;ulist&#34;&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
200€ hourly rate (remote)
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
1000€ daily rate (remote and on-site)
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;For remote consulting, the work can be done by phone, email,
IRC, GitHub and/or any other platform for collaborative work.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;For on-site consulting, the travel expenses and
accomodations are to be paid by the customer. I will also
ask for a higher rate if forced to stay on-site for more
than a week.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note that my expertise does not cover all areas where
Erlang is used. My help will be limited in the areas of
distributed databases, or large distributed systems.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;sect1&#34;&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;_sponsoring&#34;&gt;Sponsoring&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;sectionbody&#34;&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can sponsor one of my projects.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sponsoring gives you:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;ulist&#34;&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
a direct, private line of communication
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
the power to make me maintain older versions of my projects
  (as long as they are sponsoring)
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
priority when adding features or fixing bugs
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
advertisement space on this website and in the README file
  of the project of your choice
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sponsors may choose to benefit from any of these perks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;In exchange sponsors must contribute financially. A minimum
of 200€ per month is required. Sponsors may give as much as
they want. Payment can be monthly or one-time. Invoices are
of course provided.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;sect1&#34;&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;_erlang_beginner_training&#34;&gt;Erlang beginner training&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;sectionbody&#34;&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I would be happy to introduce more people to Erlang. I have
a 1-day Erlang training readily available for consumption.
The goal of this training is to teach the basics of Erlang
systems and programming. It&amp;#8217;s a kind of &#34;Getting started&#34;
for Erlang.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;You can review the &lt;a href=&#34;https://ninenines.eu/talks/thinking-in-erlang/thinking-in-erlang.html&#34;&gt;training slides&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;This training is meant to be given to a large number of
people interested in Erlang, as part of a public event,
where anyone interested can come.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Another important aspect of this training is that it is
meant to be affordable. We want the most people to learn
Erlang as possible.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;If you have room, think you can gather 20+ people and
are interested in sponsoring a training session, then
we should talk.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;sect1&#34;&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&#34;_custom_training&#34;&gt;Custom training&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;sectionbody&#34;&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I can also provide custom training, tailored to your level
and your needs. It can take the form of a class, Q&amp;amp;A or a
code review/writing session. I need to know your expectations
to prepare an appropriate training.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Custom training rates are the same as consulting rates and
the same restrictions apply.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Documentation</title>
      <link>https://ninenines.eu/docs/</link>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
      
      <guid>https://ninenines.eu/docs/</guid>
      <description>&lt;div class=&#34;sect2&#34;&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&#34;_contribute&#34;&gt;Contribute&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Do you have examples, tutorials, videos about one or more
of my projects? I would happily include them on this page.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#34;mailto:[email protected]&#34;&gt;Send me an email with the details&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Donate</title>
      <link>https://ninenines.eu/donate/</link>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
      
      <guid>https://ninenines.eu/donate/</guid>
      <description>&lt;div class=&#34;sect2&#34;&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&#34;_like_my_work_donate&#34;&gt;Like my work? Donate!&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Donate to Loïc Hoguin because his work on Cowboy
and Erlang.mk is fantastic:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;form action=&#34;https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr&#34; method=&#34;post&#34; style=&#34;display:inline&#34;&gt;
&lt;input type=&#34;hidden&#34; name=&#34;cmd&#34; value=&#34;_donations&#34;&gt;
&lt;input type=&#34;hidden&#34; name=&#34;business&#34; value=&#34;[email protected]&#34;&gt;
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&lt;/form&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Public talks</title>
      <link>https://ninenines.eu/talks/</link>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
      
      <guid>https://ninenines.eu/talks/</guid>
      <description>&lt;div class=&#34;sect2&#34;&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&#34;_talk_requests&#34;&gt;Talk requests&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Organizing a conference and in need of a speaker for a talk
about Erlang and the Web? Need an introduction to Erlang/OTP
for your company? Looking for a cool subject for a user group
meeting?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#34;mailto:[email protected]&#34;&gt;Send me an email with the details&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Slogan</title>
      <link>https://ninenines.eu/slogan/</link>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
      
      <guid>https://ninenines.eu/slogan/</guid>
      <description>&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Erlanger Playbook is now available!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&#34;https://ninenines.eu/articles/erlanger-playbook&#34;&gt;Buy now&lt;/a&gt; — &lt;a href=&#34;https://ninenines.eu/services&#34;&gt;Become a Cowboy project sponsor&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>The Erlanger Playbook</title>
      <link>https://ninenines.eu/articles/erlanger-playbook/</link>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Jun 2015 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
      
      <guid>https://ninenines.eu/articles/erlanger-playbook/</guid>
      <description>&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I am proud to announce the pre-release of The Erlanger Playbook.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Erlanger Playbook is a book about software development using
Erlang. It currently covers all areas from the conception, design,
the writing of code, documentation and tests.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The book is still a work in progress. Future topics will include
refactoring, debugging and tracing, benchmarking, releases, community
management (for open source projects).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The following sections are currently available:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;ulist&#34;&gt;&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
About this book; Future additions
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Workflow:&lt;/em&gt; Think; Write; Stay productive
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Documentation:&lt;/em&gt; On documentation; Tutorials; User guide; Manual
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Code:&lt;/em&gt; Starting a project; Version control; Project structure; Code style; Best practices; Special processes
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;
&lt;em&gt;Tests:&lt;/em&gt; On testing; Success typing analysis; Manual testing; Unit testing; Functional testing
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Read a preview: &lt;a href=&#34;https://ninenines.eu/res/erlanger-preview.pdf&#34;&gt;Special processes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The book is currently just shy of 100 pages. The final version
of the book is planned to be between 200 and 250 pages.
A print version of the book will be considered once the final
version gets released. The printed book is &lt;strong&gt;not&lt;/strong&gt; included
in the price.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;This is a self-published book. The base price is 50€. All proceeds
will be used to allow me to work on open source full time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;form action=&#34;https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr&#34; method=&#34;post&#34; target=&#34;_top&#34;&gt;
&lt;input type=&#34;hidden&#34; name=&#34;cmd&#34; value=&#34;_s-xclick&#34;&gt;
&lt;input type=&#34;hidden&#34; name=&#34;hosted_button_id&#34; value=&#34;9M44HJCGX3GVN&#34;&gt;
&lt;input type=&#34;image&#34; src=&#34;https://www.paypalobjects.com/en_US/i/btn/btn_buynowCC_LG.gif&#34; border=&#34;0&#34; name=&#34;submit&#34; alt=&#34;PayPal - The safer, easier way to pay online!&#34;&gt;
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&lt;/form&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;You are more than welcome to pay extra by using this second button.
It allows you to set the price you want. Make sure to set it to at least
50€ to receive the book.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;form action=&#34;https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr&#34; method=&#34;post&#34; target=&#34;_top&#34;&gt;
&lt;input type=&#34;hidden&#34; name=&#34;cmd&#34; value=&#34;_s-xclick&#34;&gt;
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&lt;input type=&#34;image&#34; src=&#34;https://www.paypalobjects.com/en_US/i/btn/btn_buynowCC_LG.gif&#34; border=&#34;0&#34; name=&#34;submit&#34; alt=&#34;PayPal - The safer, easier way to pay online!&#34;&gt;
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&lt;/form&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Make sure to provide a valid email address.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;There will be a &lt;strong&gt;delay&lt;/strong&gt; between payment and sending of the book.
This process is currently manual.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;As the book is a pre-release, feedback is more than welcome. You can
send your comments to erlanger@ this website.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The plan is to add about 20 pages every month until it is completed.
You will receive updates to the book for free as soon as they are available.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Huge thanks for your interest in buying this book!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>Validating UTF-8 binaries with Erlang</title>
      <link>https://ninenines.eu/articles/erlang-validate-utf8/</link>
      <pubDate>Fri, 06 Mar 2015 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
      
      <guid>https://ninenines.eu/articles/erlang-validate-utf8/</guid>
      <description>&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Yesterday I pushed Websocket permessage-deflate to
Cowboy master. I also pushed
&lt;a href=&#34;https://github.com/ninenines/cowlib/commit/7e4983b70ddf8cedb967e36fba6a600731bdad5d&#34;&gt;a
change in the way the code validates UTF-8 data&lt;/a&gt;
(required for text and close frames as per the spec).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;When looking into why the permessage-deflate tests
in autobahntestsuite were taking such a long time, I
found that autobahn is using an adaptation of the
algorithm named &lt;a href=&#34;http://bjoern.hoehrmann.de/utf-8/decoder/dfa/&#34;&gt;Flexible
and Economical UTF-8 Decoder&lt;/a&gt;. This is the C99
implementation:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;listingblock&#34;&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;content&#34;&gt;&lt;!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// Copyright (c) 2008-2009 Bjoern Hoehrmann &amp;lt;[email protected]&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// See http://bjoern.hoehrmann.de/utf-8/decoder/dfa/ for details.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000080&#34;&gt;#define&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; UTF8_ACCEPT &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000080&#34;&gt;#define&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; UTF8_REJECT &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;static&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;const&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #008080&#34;&gt;uint8_t&lt;/span&gt; utf8d&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF0000&#34;&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// 00..1f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// 20..3f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// 40..5f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// 60..7f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// 80..9f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// a0..bf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// c0..df&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0xa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// e0..ef&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0xb&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// f0..ff&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// s0..s0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// s1..s2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// s3..s4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// s5..s6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;// s7..s8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF0000&#34;&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

uint32_t inline
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;decode&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;uint32_t&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt; state&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; uint32_t&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt; codep&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #008080&#34;&gt;uint32_t&lt;/span&gt; byte&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF0000&#34;&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span style=&#34;color: #008080&#34;&gt;uint32_t&lt;/span&gt; type &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; utf8d&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;byte&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;];&lt;/span&gt;

  &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;codep &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;(*&lt;/span&gt;state &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;!=&lt;/span&gt; UTF8_ACCEPT&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;byte &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0x3fu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;|&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;(*&lt;/span&gt;codep &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;
    &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0xff&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; type&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;byte&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;

  &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;state &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; utf8d&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;256&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;state&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; type&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;];&lt;/span&gt;
  &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;return&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;state&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF0000&#34;&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;And this is the Erlang implementation I came up with:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;listingblock&#34;&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;content&#34;&gt;&lt;!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;font-style: italic&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #9A1900&#34;&gt;%% This function returns 0 on success, 1 on error, and 2..8 on incomplete data.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;State&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;State&lt;/span&gt;;
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;192&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;192&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;192&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;192&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;192&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;194&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;224&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;224&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;225&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;237&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;237&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;=:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;238&lt;/span&gt;; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;=:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;239&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;240&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;=:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;241&lt;/span&gt;; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;=:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;242&lt;/span&gt;; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;=:=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;243&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;244&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;_&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;_&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Does it look similar to you? So how did we get there?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I started with a naive implementation of the original. First, we
don&amp;#8217;t need the codepoint calculated and extracted for our validation
function. We just want to know the data is valid, so we only need to
calculate the next state. Then, the only thing we needed to be careful
about was that tuples are 1-based, and that we need to stop processing
the binary when we get the state 1 or when the binary is empty.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;listingblock&#34;&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;content&#34;&gt;&lt;!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;State&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;State&lt;/span&gt;;
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;_&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;;
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;State&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
        &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000080&#34;&gt;element&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;257&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;State&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000080&#34;&gt;element&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000080&#34;&gt;?UTF8D&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;), &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000080&#34;&gt;?UTF8D&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;))&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The macro &lt;code&gt;?UTF8D&lt;/code&gt; is the tuple equivalent of the C array
in the original code.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Compared to our previous algorithm, this performed about the same.
In some situations a little faster, in some a little slower. In other words,
not good enough. But because this new algorithm allows us to avoid a binary
concatenation this warranted looking further.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;It was time to step into crazy land.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Erlang is very good at pattern matching, even more so than doing some
arithmetic coupled by fetching elements from a tuple. So I decided I was
going to write all possible clauses for all combinations of &lt;code&gt;C&lt;/code&gt;
and &lt;code&gt;State&lt;/code&gt;. And by write I mean generate.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;So I opened my Erlang shell, defined the variable &lt;code&gt;D&lt;/code&gt; to be
the tuple &lt;code&gt;?UTF8D&lt;/code&gt; with its 400 elements, and then ran the
following expression (after a bit of trial and error):&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;listingblock&#34;&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;content&#34;&gt;&lt;!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;file:write_file&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF0000&#34;&gt;&#34;out.txt&#34;&lt;/span&gt;,
        [&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;io_lib:format&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF0000&#34;&gt;&#34;validate_utf8(&amp;lt;&amp;lt; ~p, Rest/bits &amp;gt;&amp;gt;, ~p) -&amp;gt; ~p;~n&#34;&lt;/span&gt;,
                [&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;S&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000080&#34;&gt;element&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;257&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;S&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;*&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;16&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000080&#34;&gt;element&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;), &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;D&lt;/span&gt;)])
                        || &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;lists:seq&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;255&lt;/span&gt;), &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;S&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;-&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;lists:seq&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;,&lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt;)])&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;ok&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The result is a 2304 lines long file, containing 2304 clauses.
People who pay attention to what I say on Twitter will remember
I said something around 3000 clauses, but that was just me not
using the right number of states in my estimate.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;There was a little more work to be done on this generated
code that I did using regular expressions. We need to recurse
when the resulting state is not 1. We also need to stop when
the binary is empty, making it the 2305th clause.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Still, 2305 is a lot. But hey, the code did work, and faster
than the previous implementation too! But hey, perhaps I could
find a way to reduce its size.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Removing all the clauses that return 1 and putting a catch-all
clause at the end instead reduced the number to about 500, and
showed that many clauses were similar:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;listingblock&#34;&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;content&#34;&gt;&lt;!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;But also:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;listingblock&#34;&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;content&#34;&gt;&lt;!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;157&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;157&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;157&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;157&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;157&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;158&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;158&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;158&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;158&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;158&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;);&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Patterns, my favorites!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;A little more time was spent to edit the 500 or so clauses into
smaller equivalents, testing that performance was not impacted, and
comitting the result.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The patterns above can be found here in the resulting function:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;listingblock&#34;&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;content&#34;&gt;&lt;!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 3.1.8
by Lorenzo Bettini
http://www.lorenzobettini.it
http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite --&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;&lt;tt&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;128&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;...&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #FF6600&#34;&gt;bits&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #0000FF&#34;&gt;when&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;144&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;C&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;160&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&#34;font-weight: bold&#34;&gt;&lt;span style=&#34;color: #000000&#34;&gt;validate_utf8&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span style=&#34;color: #009900&#34;&gt;Rest&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span style=&#34;color: #993399&#34;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;);
&lt;span style=&#34;color: #990000&#34;&gt;...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I hope you enjoyed this post.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description>
    </item>
    
    <item>
      <title>On open source</title>
      <link>https://ninenines.eu/articles/on-open-source/</link>
      <pubDate>Fri, 05 Sep 2014 00:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
      
      <guid>https://ninenines.eu/articles/on-open-source/</guid>
      <description>&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Last week I read a great article
&lt;a href=&#34;http://videlalvaro.github.io/2014/08/on-contributing-to-opensource.html&#34;&gt;on
contributing to open source&lt;/a&gt; by Alvaro Videla. He makes
many great points and I am in agreement with most of it.
This made me want to properly explain my point of view with
regard to open source and contributions. Unlike most open
source evangelism articles I will not talk about ideals or
any of that crap, but rather my personal feelings and
experience.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I have been doing open source work for quite some time.
My very first open source project was a graphics driver
for (the very early version of) the PCSX2 emulator. That
was more than ten years ago, and there
&lt;a href=&#34;http://ngemu.com/threads/gstaris-0-6.30469/&#34;&gt;isn&amp;#8217;t
much left to look at today&lt;/a&gt;. This was followed by a
&lt;a href=&#34;https://github.com/extend/wee&#34;&gt;PHP framework&lt;/a&gt;
(started long before Zend Framework was even a thing) and
a few other small projects. None of them really took off.
It&amp;#8217;s alright, that&amp;#8217;s pretty much the fate of most open
source projects. You spend a lot of work and sweat and
get very little in return from others.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;This sounds harsh but this is the reality of all open
source projects. If you are thinking of building a project
and releasing it as open source, you should be prepared
for that. This is how most of your projects will feel like.
Don&amp;#8217;t release a project as open source thinking everyone
will pat you on the back and cheer, this won&amp;#8217;t happen. In
fact if your project is a too small improvement over existing
software, what many people will do is say you have NIH
syndrome, regardless of the improvement you bring. So you
need not to rely on other people in order to get your
enjoyment out of building open source software.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;In my case I get enjoyment from thinking about problems
that need solving. Often times the problems are already
solved, but nevermind that, I still think about them and
sometimes come up with something I feel is better and then
write code for it. Writing code is also fun, but not as
fun as using my brain to imagine solutions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;You don&amp;#8217;t need thousands of users to do that. So are
users worthless to me then? No, of course not. In fact
they are an important component: they bring me problems
that need solving. So users are very important to me.
But that&amp;#8217;s not the only reason.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I got lucky that the Cowboy project became popular.
And seeing it be this popular, and some of my other projects
also do quite well, made me believe I could perhaps work
full time on open source. If I can work full time then
I can produce better software. What I had one hour to
work on before I can now spend a day on, and experiment
until I am satisfied. This is very useful because that
means I can get it almost right from the beginning, and
avoid the million API breaking changes that occured
before Cowboy 1.0 was released.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;To be able to work full time on open source however,
I need money. This is a largely unspoken topic of open
source work. The work is never free. You can download the
product for free, but someone has to pay for the work
itself. Life is unfortunately not free.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Large projects and some lucky people have their work
sponsored by their employers. Everyone else has to deal
with it differently. In my case I was sponsored for a
while by the &lt;a href=&#34;http://leo-project.net/leofs/&#34;&gt;LeoFS&lt;/a&gt;
project, but that ended. I also had the Farwest fundraiser,
which was a success, although the project stalled after that.
(Fear not, as Farwest will make a comeback as a conglomerate
of Web development projects in the future.) After that I set
up the &lt;a href=&#34;http://ninenines.eu/support/&#34;&gt;sponsoring scheme&lt;/a&gt;,
which I can proudly say today brings in enough money to
cover my food and shelter. Great!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;This is a start, but it&amp;#8217;s of course not enough. Life
is a little more than food and shelter, and so I am still
looking for sponsors. This is not a very glorious experience,
as I am essentially looking for scraps that companies can
throw away. Still, if a handful more companies were doing
that, not only would I be able to live comfortably, but I
would also be able to stop worrying about the future as I
could put money on the side for when it gets rough.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;A few companies giving me some scrap money so I could
live and work independently is by far the most important
thing anyone can do to help my projects, including Cowboy.
Yes, they&amp;#8217;re even more important than code contributions,
bug reports and feedback. Because this money gives me the
time I need to handle the code contributions, bug reports
and feedback.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;If Cowboy or another project is a large part of your
product or infrastructure, then the best thing you can do
is become a sponsor. The second best is opening tickets
and/or providing feedback. The third best is providing
good code contributions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I will not expand on the feedback part. Feedback is
very important, and even just a high five or a retweet
is already good feedback. It&amp;#8217;s not very complicated.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I want to expand a little on code contributions
however. Not long ago I ran across the term &#34;patch bomb&#34;
which means dropping patches and expecting the project
maintainers to merge them and maintain them. I receive
a lot of patches, and often have to refuse them. Causes
for refusal vary. Some patches only benefit the people
who submitted them (or a very small number of people).
Some patches are not refined enough to be included.
Others are out of scope of the project. These are some
of the reasons why I refuse patches. Having limited
time and resources, I have to focus my efforts on the
code used by the larger number of users. I have to
prioritize patches from submitters who are reactive
and address the issues pointed out. And I have to plainly
refuse other patches.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;I believe this wraps up my thoughts on open source.
Overall I had a great experience, the Erlang community
being nice and understanding of the issues at hand in
general. And if the money problem could be solved soon,
then I would be one of the luckiest and happiest open
source developer on Earth.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&#34;paragraph&#34;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Think about it the next time you see a donation button
or a request for funds or sponsoring. You can considerably
improve an open source developer&amp;#8217;s life with very little
of your company&amp;#8217;s money.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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