<?xml version="1.0" encoding="latin1" ?>
<!DOCTYPE chapter SYSTEM "chapter.dtd">
<chapter>
<header>
<copyright>
<year>2003</year><year>2009</year>
<holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder>
</copyright>
<legalnotice>
The contents of this file are subject to the Erlang Public License,
Version 1.1, (the "License"); you may not use this file except in
compliance with the License. You should have received a copy of the
Erlang Public License along with this software. If not, it can be
retrieved online at http://www.erlang.org/.
Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS"
basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See
the License for the specific language governing rights and limitations
under the License.
</legalnotice>
<title>Records and Macros</title>
<prepared></prepared>
<docno></docno>
<date></date>
<rev></rev>
<file>record_macros.xml</file>
</header>
<p>Larger programs are usually written as a collection of files with
a well defined interface between the various parts.</p>
<section>
<title>The Larger Example Divided into Several Files</title>
<p>To illustrate this, we will divide the messenger example from
the previous chapter into five files.</p>
<taglist>
<tag><c>mess_config.hrl</c></tag>
<item>header file for configuration data</item>
<tag><c>mess_interface.hrl</c></tag>
<item>interface definitions between the client and the messenger</item>
<tag><c>user_interface.erl</c></tag>
<item>functions for the user interface</item>
<tag><c>mess_client.erl</c></tag>
<item>functions for the client side of the messenger</item>
<tag><c>mess_server.erl</c></tag>
<item>functions for the server side of the messenger</item>
</taglist>
<p>While doing this we will also clean up the message passing
interface between the shell, the client and the server and define
it using <em>records</em>, we will also introduce <em>macros</em>.</p>
<code type="none">
%%%----FILE mess_config.hrl----
%%% Configure the location of the server node,
-define(server_node, messenger@super).
%%%----END FILE----</code>
<code type="none">
%%%----FILE mess_interface.hrl----
%%% Message interface between client and server and client shell for
%%% messenger program
%%%Messages from Client to server received in server/1 function.
-record(logon,{client_pid, username}).
-record(message,{client_pid, to_name, message}).
%%% {'EXIT', ClientPid, Reason} (client terminated or unreachable.
%%% Messages from Server to Client, received in await_result/0 function
-record(abort_client,{message}).
%%% Messages are: user_exists_at_other_node,
%%% you_are_not_logged_on
-record(server_reply,{message}).
%%% Messages are: logged_on
%%% receiver_not_found
%%% sent (Message has been sent (no guarantee)
%%% Messages from Server to Client received in client/1 function
-record(message_from,{from_name, message}).
%%% Messages from shell to Client received in client/1 function
%%% spawn(mess_client, client, [server_node(), Name])
-record(message_to,{to_name, message}).
%%% logoff
%%%----END FILE----</code>
<code type="none">
%%%----FILE user_interface.erl----
%%% User interface to the messenger program
%%% login(Name)
%%% One user at a time can log in from each Erlang node in the
%%% system messenger: and choose a suitable Name. If the Name
%%% is already logged in at another node or if someone else is
%%% already logged in at the same node, login will be rejected
%%% with a suitable error message.
%%% logoff()
%%% Logs off anybody at at node
%%% message(ToName, Message)
%%% sends Message to ToName. Error messages if the user of this
%%% function is not logged on or if ToName is not logged on at
%%% any node.
-module(user_interface).
-export([logon/1, logoff/0, message/2]).
-include("mess_interface.hrl").
-include("mess_config.hrl").
logon(Name) ->
case whereis(mess_client) of
undefined ->
register(mess_client,
spawn(mess_client, client, [?server_node, Name]));
_ -> already_logged_on
end.
logoff() ->
mess_client ! logoff.
message(ToName, Message) ->
case whereis(mess_client) of % Test if the client is running
undefined ->
not_logged_on;
_ -> mess_client ! #message_to{to_name=ToName, message=Message},
ok
end.
%%%----END FILE----</code>
<code type="none">
%%%----FILE mess_client.erl----
%%% The client process which runs on each user node
-module(mess_client).
-export([client/2]).
-include("mess_interface.hrl").
client(Server_Node, Name) ->
{messenger, Server_Node} ! #logon{client_pid=self(), username=Name},
await_result(),
client(Server_Node).
client(Server_Node) ->
receive
logoff ->
exit(normal);
#message_to{to_name=ToName, message=Message} ->
{messenger, Server_Node} !
#message{client_pid=self(), to_name=ToName, message=Message},
await_result();
{message_from, FromName, Message} ->
io:format("Message from ~p: ~p~n", [FromName, Message])
end,
client(Server_Node).
%%% wait for a response from the server
await_result() ->
receive
#abort_client{message=Why} ->
io:format("~p~n", [Why]),
exit(normal);
#server_reply{message=What} ->
io:format("~p~n", [What])
after 5000 ->
io:format("No response from server~n", []),
exit(timeout)
end.
%%%----END FILE---</code>
<code type="none">
%%%----FILE mess_server.erl----
%%% This is the server process of the messenger service
-module(mess_server).
-export([start_server/0, server/0]).
-include("mess_interface.hrl").
server() ->
process_flag(trap_exit, true),
server([]).
%%% the user list has the format [{ClientPid1, Name1},{ClientPid22, Name2},...]
server(User_List) ->
io:format("User list = ~p~n", [User_List]),
receive
#logon{client_pid=From, username=Name} ->
New_User_List = server_logon(From, Name, User_List),
server(New_User_List);
{'EXIT', From, _} ->
New_User_List = server_logoff(From, User_List),
server(New_User_List);
#message{client_pid=From, to_name=To, message=Message} ->
server_transfer(From, To, Message, User_List),
server(User_List)
end.
%%% Start the server
start_server() ->
register(messenger, spawn(?MODULE, server, [])).
%%% Server adds a new user to the user list
server_logon(From, Name, User_List) ->
%% check if logged on anywhere else
case lists:keymember(Name, 2, User_List) of
true ->
From ! #abort_client{message=user_exists_at_other_node},
User_List;
false ->
From ! #server_reply{message=logged_on},
link(From),
[{From, Name} | User_List] %add user to the list
end.
%%% Server deletes a user from the user list
server_logoff(From, User_List) ->
lists:keydelete(From, 1, User_List).
%%% Server transfers a message between user
server_transfer(From, To, Message, User_List) ->
%% check that the user is logged on and who he is
case lists:keysearch(From, 1, User_List) of
false ->
From ! #abort_client{message=you_are_not_logged_on};
{value, {_, Name}} ->
server_transfer(From, Name, To, Message, User_List)
end.
%%% If the user exists, send the message
server_transfer(From, Name, To, Message, User_List) ->
%% Find the receiver and send the message
case lists:keysearch(To, 2, User_List) of
false ->
From ! #server_reply{message=receiver_not_found};
{value, {ToPid, To}} ->
ToPid ! #message_from{from_name=Name, message=Message},
From ! #server_reply{message=sent}
end.
%%%----END FILE---</code>
</section>
<section>
<title>Header Files</title>
<p>You will see some files above with extension <c>.hrl</c>. These
are header files which are included in the <c>.erl</c> files by:</p>
<code type="none">
-include("File_Name").</code>
<p>for example:</p>
<code type="none">
-include("mess_interface.hrl").</code>
<p>In our case above the file is fetched from the same directory as
all the other files in the messenger example. (*manual*).</p>
<p>.hrl files can contain any valid Erlang code but are most often
used for record and macro definitions.</p>
</section>
<section>
<title>Records</title>
<p>A record is defined as:</p>
<code type="none">
-record(name_of_record,{field_name1, field_name2, field_name3, ......}).</code>
<p>For example:</p>
<code type="none">
-record(message_to,{to_name, message}).</code>
<p>This is exactly equivalent to:</p>
<code type="none">
{message_to, To_Name, Message}</code>
<p>Creating record, is best illustrated by an example:</p>
<code type="none">
#message_to{message="hello", to_name=fred)</code>
<p>This will create:</p>
<code type="none">
{message_to, fred, "hello"}</code>
<p>Note that you don't have to worry about the order you assign
values to the various parts of the records when you create it.
The advantage of using records is that by placing their
definitions in header files you can conveniently define
interfaces which are easy to change. For example, if you want to
add a new field to the record, you will only have to change
the code where the new field is used and not at every place
the record is referred to. If you leave out a field when creating
a record, it will get the value of the atom undefined. (*manual*)</p>
<p>Pattern matching with records is very similar to creating
records. For example inside a <c>case</c> or <c>receive</c>:</p>
<code type="none">
#message_to{to_name=ToName, message=Message} -></code>
<p>is the same as:</p>
<code type="none">
{message_to, ToName, Message}</code>
</section>
<section>
<title>Macros</title>
<p>The other thing we have added to the messenger is a macro.
The file <c>mess_config.hrl</c> contains the definition:</p>
<code type="none">
%%% Configure the location of the server node,
-define(server_node, messenger@super).</code>
<p>We include this file in mess_server.erl:</p>
<code type="none">
-include("mess_config.hrl").</code>
<p>Every occurrence of <c>?server_node</c> in <c>mess_server.erl</c>
will now be replaced by <c>messenger@super</c>.</p>
<p>The other place a macro is used is when we spawn the server
process:</p>
<code type="none">
spawn(?MODULE, server, [])</code>
<p>This is a standard macro (i.e. defined by the system, not
the user). <c>?MODULE</c> is always replaced by the name of
current module (i.e. the <c>-module</c> definition near the start
of the file). There are more advanced ways of using macros with,
for example parameters (*manual*).</p>
<p>The three Erlang (<c>.erl</c>) files in the messenger example are
individually compiled into object code file (<c>.beam</c>).
The Erlang system loads and links these files into the system
when they are referred to during execution of the code. In our
case we simply have put them in the same directory which is our
current working directory (i.e. the place we have done "cd" to).
There are ways of putting the <c>.beam</c> files in other
directories.</p>
<p>In the messenger example, no assumptions have been made about
what the message being sent is. It could be any valid Erlang term.</p>
</section>
</chapter>
