path: root/lib/ssh/doc/standard/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-04.txt

Secure Shell Working Group                                  J. Galbraith
Internet-Draft                                          VanDyke Software
Expires: June 18, 2003                                         T. Ylonen
                                                             S. Lehtinen
                                        SSH Communications Security Corp
                                                       December 18, 2002


                       SSH File Transfer Protocol
                    draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-04.txt

Status of this Memo

   This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
   all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups.  Note that
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   Internet-Drafts.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
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   The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://
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   The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.

   This Internet-Draft will expire on June 18, 2003.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002).  All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

   The SSH File Transfer Protocol provides secure file transfer
   functionality over any reliable data stream.  It is the standard file
   transfer protocol for use with the SSH2 protocol.  This document
   describes the file transfer protocol and its interface to the SSH2
   protocol suite.







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Table of Contents

   1.     Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.     Use with the SSH Connection Protocol . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.     General Packet Format  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   3.1    The use of stderr in the server  . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   4.     Protocol Initialization  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   4.1    Client Initialization  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   4.2    Server Initialization  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   4.3    Determining Server Newline Convention  . . . . . . . . . .   9
   5.     File Attributes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   5.1    Flags  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   5.2    Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   5.3    Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   5.4    Owner and Group  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   5.5    Permissions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   5.6    Times  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   5.7    ACL  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   5.8    Extended attributes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
   6.     Requests From the Client to the Server . . . . . . . . . .  15
   6.1    Request Synchronization and Reordering . . . . . . . . . .  15
   6.2    File Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   6.3    Opening, Creating, and Closing Files . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   6.4    Reading and Writing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   6.5    Removing and Renaming Files  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   6.6    Creating and Deleting Directories  . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   6.7    Scanning Directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   6.8    Retrieving File Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
   6.9    Setting File Attributes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   6.10   Dealing with Symbolic links  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
   6.11   Canonicalizing the Server-Side Path Name . . . . . . . . .  25
   6.11.1 Best practice for dealing with paths . . . . . . . . . . .  25
   7.     Responses from the Server to the Client  . . . . . . . . .  26
   8.     Vendor-Specific Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
   9.     Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
   10.    Changes from previous protocol versions  . . . . . . . . .  32
   10.1   Changes between versions 4 and 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
   10.2   Changes between versions 3 and 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
   10.3   Changes between versions 2 and 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
   10.4   Changes between versions 1 and 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . .  33
   11.    Trademark Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
          References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
          Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  35
          Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . .  37







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1. Introduction

   This protocol provides secure file transfer (and more generally file
   system access) functionality over a reliable data stream, such as a
   channel in the SSH2 protocol [5].

   This protocol is designed so that it could be used to implement a
   secure remote file system service, as well as a secure file transfer
   service.

   This protocol assumes that it runs over a secure channel, and that
   the server has already authenticated the user at the client end, and
   that the identity of the client user is externally available to the
   server implementation.

   In general, this protocol follows a simple request-response model.
   Each request and response contains a sequence number and multiple
   requests may be pending simultaneously.  There are a relatively large
   number of different request messages, but a small number of possible
   response messages.  Each request has one or more response messages
   that may be returned in result (e.g., a read either returns data or
   reports error status).

   The packet format descriptions in this specification follow the
   notation presented in the secsh architecture draft. [5]

   Even though this protocol is described in the context of the SSH2
   protocol, this protocol is general and independent of the rest of the
   SSH2 protocol suite.  It could be used in a number of different
   applications, such as secure file transfer over TLS RFC 2246 [1] and
   transfer of management information in VPN applications.




















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2. Use with the SSH Connection Protocol

   When used with the SSH2 Protocol suite, this protocol is intended to
   be used from the SSH Connection Protocol [7] as a subsystem, as
   described in section ``Starting a Shell or a Command''.  The
   subsystem name used with this protocol is "sftp".













































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3. General Packet Format

   All packets transmitted over the secure connection are of the
   following format:

   	uint32             length
   	byte               type
   	byte[length - 1]   data payload

   That is, they are just data preceded by 32-bit length and 8-bit type
   fields.  The `length' is the length of the data area, and does not
   include the `length' field itself.  The format and interpretation of
   the data area depends on the packet type.

   All packet descriptions below only specify the packet type and the
   data that goes into the data field.  Thus, they should be prefixed by
   the `length' and `type' fields.

   The maximum size of a packet is in practice determined by the client
   (the maximum size of read or write requests that it sends, plus a few
   bytes of packet overhead).  All servers SHOULD support packets of at
   least 34000 bytes (where the packet size refers to the full length,
   including the header above).  This should allow for reads and writes
   of at most 32768 bytes.

   There is no limit on the number of outstanding (non-acknowledged)
   requests that the client may send to the server.  In practice this is
   limited by the buffering available on the data stream and the queuing
   performed by the server.  If the server's queues are full, it should
   not read any more data from the stream, and flow control will prevent
   the client from sending more requests.  Note, however, that while
   there is no restriction on the protocol level, the client's API may
   provide a limit in order to prevent infinite queuing of outgoing
   requests at the client.

   The following values are defined for packet types.















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   	#define SSH_FXP_INIT                1
   	#define SSH_FXP_VERSION             2
   	#define SSH_FXP_OPEN                3
   	#define SSH_FXP_CLOSE               4
   	#define SSH_FXP_READ                5
   	#define SSH_FXP_WRITE               6
   	#define SSH_FXP_LSTAT               7
   	#define SSH_FXP_FSTAT               8
   	#define SSH_FXP_SETSTAT             9
   	#define SSH_FXP_FSETSTAT           10
   	#define SSH_FXP_OPENDIR            11
   	#define SSH_FXP_READDIR            12
   	#define SSH_FXP_REMOVE             13
   	#define SSH_FXP_MKDIR              14
   	#define SSH_FXP_RMDIR              15
   	#define SSH_FXP_REALPATH           16
   	#define SSH_FXP_STAT               17
   	#define SSH_FXP_RENAME             18
   	#define SSH_FXP_READLINK           19
   	#define SSH_FXP_SYMLINK            20

   	#define SSH_FXP_STATUS            101
   	#define SSH_FXP_HANDLE            102
   	#define SSH_FXP_DATA              103
   	#define SSH_FXP_NAME              104
   	#define SSH_FXP_ATTRS             105

   	#define SSH_FXP_EXTENDED          200
   	#define SSH_FXP_EXTENDED_REPLY    201

   	RESERVED_FOR_EXTENSIONS            210-255

   Additional packet types should only be defined if the protocol
   version number (see Section ``Protocol Initialization'') is
   incremented, and their use MUST be negotiated using the version
   number.  However, the SSH_FXP_EXTENDED and SSH_FXP_EXTENDED_REPLY
   packets can be used to implement vendor-specific extensions.  See
   Section ``Vendor-Specific-Extensions'' for more details.

3.1 The use of stderr in the server

   Packets are sent and received on stdout and stdin.  Data sent on
   stderr by the server SHOULD be considered debug or supplemental error
   information, and MAY be displayed to the user.

   For example, during initialization, there is no client request
   active, so errors or warning information cannot be sent to the client
   as part of the SFTP protocol at this early stage.  However, the



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   errors or warnings MAY be sent as stderr text.


















































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4. Protocol Initialization

   When the file transfer protocol starts, the client first sends a
   SSH_FXP_INIT (including its version number) packet to the server.
   The server responds with a SSH_FXP_VERSION packet, supplying the
   lowest of its own and the client's version number.  Both parties
   should from then on adhere to particular version of the protocol.

   The version number of the protocol specified in this document is 4.
   The version number should be incremented for each incompatible
   revision of this protocol.

4.1 Client Initialization

   The SSH_FXP_INIT packet (from client to server) has the following
   data:

   		uint32 version

   Version 3 of this protocol allowed clients to include extensions in
   the SSH_FXP_INIT packet; however, this can cause interoperability
   problems with version 1 and version 2 servers because the client must
   send this packet before knowing the servers version.

   In this version of the protocol, clients MUST use the
   SSH_FXP_EXTENDED packet to send extensions to the server after
   version exchange has completed.  Clients MUST NOT include extensions
   in the version packet.  This will prevent interoperability problems
   with older servers

4.2 Server Initialization

   The SSH_FXP_VERSION packet (from server to client) has the following
   data:

   		uint32 version
   		<extension data>

   'version' is the lower of the protocol version supported by the
   server and the version number received from the client.

   The extension data may be empty, or may be a sequence of

   		string extension_name
   		string extension_data

   pairs (both strings MUST always be present if one is, but the
   `extension_data' string may be of zero length).  If present, these



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   strings indicate extensions to the baseline protocol.  The
   `extension_name' field(s) identify the name of the extension.  The
   name should be of the form "name@domain", where the domain is the DNS
   domain name of the organization defining the extension.  Additional
   names that are not of this format may be defined later by the IETF.
   Implementations MUST silently ignore any extensions whose name they
   do not recognize.

4.3 Determining Server Newline Convention

   In order to correctly process text files in a cross platform
   compatible way, the newline convention must be converted from that of
   the server to that of the client, or, during an upload, from that of
   the client to that of the server.

   Versions 3 and prior of this protocol made no provisions for
   processing text files.  Many clients implemented some sort of
   conversion algorithm, but without either a 'canonical' on the wire
   format or knowledge of the servers newline convention, correct
   conversion was not always possible.

   Starting with Version 4, the SSH_FXF_TEXT file open flag (Section
   6.3) makes it possible to request that the server translate a file to
   a 'canonical' on the wire format.  This format uses \r\n as the line
   separator.

   Servers for systems using multiple newline characters (for example,
   Mac OS X or VMS) or systems using counted records, MUST translate to
   the canonical form.

   However, to ease the burden of implementation on servers that use a
   single, simple separator sequence, the following extension allows the
   canonical format to be changed.

   	string "newline"
   	string new-canonical-separator (usually "\r" or "\n" or "\r\n")

   All clients MUST support this extension.

   When processing text files, clients SHOULD NOT translate any
   character or sequence that is not an exact match of the servers
   newline separator.

   In particular, if the newline sequence being used is the canonical
   "\r\n" sequence, a lone \r or a lone \n SHOULD be written through
   without change.





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5. File Attributes

   A new compound data type is defined for encoding file attributes.
   The same encoding is used both when returning file attributes from
   the server and when sending file attributes to the server.  When
   sending it to the server, the flags field specifies which attributes
   are included, and the server will use default values for the
   remaining attributes (or will not modify the values of remaining
   attributes).  When receiving attributes from the server, the flags
   specify which attributes are included in the returned data.  The
   server normally returns all attributes it knows about.

   	uint32   flags
   	byte     type                 always present
   	uint64   size                 present only if flag SIZE
   	string   owner                present only if flag OWNERGROUP
   	string   group                present only if flag OWNERGROUP
   	uint32   permissions          present only if flag PERMISSIONS
   	uint64   atime                present only if flag ACCESSTIME
   	uint32   atime_nseconds       present only if flag SUBSECOND_TIMES
   	uint64   createtime           present only if flag CREATETIME
   	uint32   createtime_nseconds  present only if flag SUBSECOND_TIMES
   	uint64   mtime                present only if flag MODIFYTIME
   	uint32   mtime_nseconds       present only if flag SUBSECOND_TIMES
   	string   acl                  present only if flag ACL
   	uint32   extended_count       present only if flag EXTENDED
   	string   extended_type
   	string   extended_data
   	...      more extended data (extended_type - extended_data pairs),
   		   so that number of pairs equals extended_count


5.1 Flags

   The `flags' specify which of the fields are present.  Those fields
   for which the corresponding flag is not set are not present (not
   included in the packet).  New flags can only be added by incrementing
   the protocol version number (or by using the extension mechanism
   described below).

   The flags bits are defined to have the following values:










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   	#define SSH_FILEXFER_ATTR_SIZE              0x00000001
   	#define SSH_FILEXFER_ATTR_PERMISSIONS       0x00000040
   	#define SSH_FILEXFER_ATTR_ACCESSTIME        0x00000008
   	#define SSH_FILEXFER_ATTR_CREATETIME        0x00000010
   	#define SSH_FILEXFER_ATTR_MODIFYTIME        0x00000020
   	#define SSH_FILEXFER_ATTR_ACL               0x00000040
   	#define SSH_FILEXFER_ATTR_OWNERGROUP        0x00000080
   	#define SSH_FILEXFER_ATTR_SUBSECOND_TIMES	0x00000100
   	#define SSH_FILEXFER_ATTR_EXTENDED          0x80000000

   In previous versions of this protocol flags value 0x00000002 was
   SSH_FILEXFER_ATTR_UIDGID.  This value is now unused, and OWNERGROUP
   was given a new value in order to ease implementation burden.
   0x00000002 MUST NOT appear in the mask.  Some future version of this
   protocol may reuse flag 0x00000002.

5.2 Type

   The type field is always present.  The following types are defined:

   	#define SSH_FILEXFER_TYPE_REGULAR          1
   	#define SSH_FILEXFER_TYPE_DIRECTORY        2
   	#define SSH_FILEXFER_TYPE_SYMLINK          3
   	#define SSH_FILEXFER_TYPE_SPECIAL          4
   	#define SSH_FILEXFER_TYPE_UNKNOWN          5

   On a POSIX system, these values would be derived from the permission
   field.

5.3 Size

   The `size' field specifies the size of the file on disk, in bytes.
   If it is present during file creation, it should be considered a hint
   as to the files eventual size.

   Files opened with the SSH_FXF_TEXT flag may have a size that is
   greater or less than the value of the size field.

5.4 Owner and Group

   The `owner' and `group' fields are represented as UTF-8 strings; this
   is the form used by NFS v4.  See NFS version 4 Protocol.  [3] The
   following text is selected quotations from section 5.6.

   To avoid a representation that is tied to a particular underlying
   implementation at the client or server, the use of UTF-8 strings has
   been chosen.  The string should be of the form user@dns_domain".
   This will allow for a client and server that do not use the same



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   local representation the ability to translate to a common syntax that
   can be interpreted by both.  In the case where there is no
   translation available to the client or server, the attribute value
   must be constructed without the "@".  Therefore, the absence of the @
   from the owner or owner_group attribute signifies that no translation
   was available and the receiver of the attribute should not place any
   special meaning with the attribute value.  Even though the attribute
   value can not be translated, it may still be useful.  In the case of
   a client, the attribute string may be used for local display of
   ownership.

5.5 Permissions

   The `permissions' field contains a bit mask of file permissions as
   defined by POSIX [1].

5.6 Times

   The 'atime', 'createtime', and 'mtime' contain the access, creation,
   and modification times of the files, respectively.   They are
   represented as seconds from Jan 1, 1970 in UTC.

   A negative value indicates number of seconds before Jan 1, 1970.  In
   both cases, if the SSH_FILEXFER_ATTR_SUBSECOND_TIMES flag is set, the
   nseconds field is to be added to the seconds field for the final time
   representation.  For example, if the time to be represented is
   one-half second before 0 hour January 1, 1970, the seconds field
   would have a value of negative one (-1) and the nseconds fields would
   have a value of one-half second (500000000).  Values greater than
   999,999,999 for nseconds are considered invalid.

5.7 ACL

   The 'ACL' field contains an ACL similar to that defined in section
   5.9 of NFS version 4 Protocol [3].

   	uint32   ace-count

   	repeated ace-count time:
   	uint32   ace-type
   	uint32   ace-flag
   	uint32   ace-mask
   	string   who [UTF-8]

   ace-type is one of the following four values (taken from NFS Version
   4 Protocol [3]:





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   	const ACE4_ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE_TYPE      = 0x00000000;
   	const ACE4_ACCESS_DENIED_ACE_TYPE       = 0x00000001;
   	const ACE4_SYSTEM_AUDIT_ACE_TYPE        = 0x00000002;
   	const ACE4_SYSTEM_ALARM_ACE_TYPE        = 0x00000003;

   ace-flag is a combination of the following flag values.  See NFS
   Version 4 Protocol [3] section 5.9.2:

   	const ACE4_FILE_INHERIT_ACE             = 0x00000001;
   	const ACE4_DIRECTORY_INHERIT_ACE        = 0x00000002;
   	const ACE4_NO_PROPAGATE_INHERIT_ACE     = 0x00000004;
   	const ACE4_INHERIT_ONLY_ACE             = 0x00000008;
   	const ACE4_SUCCESSFUL_ACCESS_ACE_FLAG   = 0x00000010;
   	const ACE4_FAILED_ACCESS_ACE_FLAG       = 0x00000020;
   	const ACE4_IDENTIFIER_GROUP             = 0x00000040;

   ace-mask is any combination of the following flags (taken from NFS
   Version 4 Protocol [3] section 5.9.3:

   	const ACE4_READ_DATA            = 0x00000001;
   	const ACE4_LIST_DIRECTORY       = 0x00000001;
   	const ACE4_WRITE_DATA           = 0x00000002;
   	const ACE4_ADD_FILE             = 0x00000002;
   	const ACE4_APPEND_DATA          = 0x00000004;
   	const ACE4_ADD_SUBDIRECTORY     = 0x00000004;
   	const ACE4_READ_NAMED_ATTRS     = 0x00000008;
   	const ACE4_WRITE_NAMED_ATTRS    = 0x00000010;
   	const ACE4_EXECUTE              = 0x00000020;
   	const ACE4_DELETE_CHILD         = 0x00000040;
   	const ACE4_READ_ATTRIBUTES      = 0x00000080;
   	const ACE4_WRITE_ATTRIBUTES     = 0x00000100;
   	const ACE4_DELETE               = 0x00010000;
   	const ACE4_READ_ACL             = 0x00020000;
   	const ACE4_WRITE_ACL            = 0x00040000;
   	const ACE4_WRITE_OWNER          = 0x00080000;
   	const ACE4_SYNCHRONIZE          = 0x00100000;

   who is a UTF-8 string of the form described in 'Owner and Group'
   (Section 5.4)

   Also, as per '5.9.4 ACE who' [3] there are several identifiers that
   need to be understood universally.  Some of these identifiers cannot
   be understood when an client access the server, but have meaning when
   a local process accesses the file.  The ability to display and modify
   these permissions is permitted over SFTP.

      OWNER         The owner of the file.




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      GROUP         The group associated with the file.

      EVERYONE      The world.

      INTERACTIVE   Accessed from an interactive terminal.

      NETWORK       Accessed via the network.

      DIALUP        Accessed as a dialup user to the server.

      BATCH         Accessed from a batch job.

      ANONYMOUS     Accessed without any authentication.

      AUTHENTICATED Any authenticated user (opposite of ANONYMOUS).

      SERVICE       Access from a system service.

   To avoid conflict, these special identifiers are distinguish by an
   appended "@" and should appear in the form "xxxx@" (note: no domain
   name after the "@").  For example: ANONYMOUS@.

5.8 Extended attributes

   The SSH_FILEXFER_ATTR_EXTENDED flag provides a general extension
   mechanism for vendor-specific extensions.  If the flag is specified,
   then the `extended_count' field is present.  It specifies the number
   of extended_type-extended_data pairs that follow.  Each of these
   pairs specifies an extended attribute.  For each of the attributes,
   the extended_type field should be a string of the format
   "name@domain", where "domain" is a valid, registered domain name and
   "name" identifies the method.  The IETF may later standardize certain
   names that deviate from this format (e.g., that do not contain the
   "@" sign).  The interpretation of `extended_data' depends on the
   type.  Implementations SHOULD ignore extended data fields that they
   do not understand.

   Additional fields can be added to the attributes by either defining
   additional bits to the flags field to indicate their presence, or by
   defining extended attributes for them.  The extended attributes
   mechanism is recommended for most purposes; additional flags bits
   should only be defined by an IETF standards action that also
   increments the protocol version number.  The use of such new fields
   MUST be negotiated by the version number in the protocol exchange.
   It is a protocol error if a packet with unsupported protocol bits is
   received.





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6. Requests From the Client to the Server

   Requests from the client to the server represent the various file
   system operations.  Each request begins with an `id' field, which is
   a 32-bit identifier identifying the request (selected by the client).
   The same identifier will be returned in the response to the request.
   One possible implementation is a monotonically increasing request
   sequence number (modulo 2^32).

   Many operations in the protocol operate on open files.  The
   SSH_FXP_OPEN request can return a file handle (which is an opaque
   variable-length string) which may be used to access the file later
   (e.g.  in a read operation).  The client MUST NOT send requests the
   server with bogus or closed handles.  However, the server MUST
   perform adequate checks on the handle in order to avoid security
   risks due to fabricated handles.

   This design allows either stateful and stateless server
   implementation, as well as an implementation which caches state
   between requests but may also flush it.  The contents of the file
   handle string are entirely up to the server and its design.  The
   client should not modify or attempt to interpret the file handle
   strings.

   The file handle strings MUST NOT be longer than 256 bytes.

6.1 Request Synchronization and Reordering

   The protocol and implementations MUST process requests relating to
   the same file in the order in which they are received.  In other
   words, if an application submits multiple requests to the server, the
   results in the responses will be the same as if it had sent the
   requests one at a time and waited for the response in each case.  For
   example, the server may process non-overlapping read/write requests
   to the same file in parallel, but overlapping reads and writes cannot
   be reordered or parallelized.  However, there are no ordering
   restrictions on the server for processing requests from two different
   file transfer connections.  The server may interleave and parallelize
   them at will.

   There are no restrictions on the order in which responses to
   outstanding requests are delivered to the client, except that the
   server must ensure fairness in the sense that processing of no
   request will be indefinitely delayed even if the client is sending
   other requests so that there are multiple outstanding requests all
   the time.





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6.2 File Names

   This protocol represents file names as strings.  File names are
   assumed to use the slash ('/') character as a directory separator.

   File names starting with a slash are "absolute", and are relative to
   the root of the file system.  Names starting with any other character
   are relative to the user's default directory (home directory).  Note
   that identifying the user is assumed to take place outside of this
   protocol.

   Servers SHOULD interpret a path name component ".." as referring to
   the parent directory, and "." as referring to the current directory.
   If the server implementation limits access to certain parts of the
   file system, it must be extra careful in parsing file names when
   enforcing such restrictions.  There have been numerous reported
   security bugs where a ".." in a path name has allowed access outside
   the intended area.

   An empty path name is valid, and it refers to the user's default
   directory (usually the user's home directory).

   Otherwise, no syntax is defined for file names by this specification.
   Clients should not make any other assumptions; however, they can
   splice path name components returned by SSH_FXP_READDIR together
   using a slash ('/') as the separator, and that will work as expected.

   In order to comply with IETF Policy on Character Sets and Languages
   [2], all filenames are to be encoded in UTF-8.  The shortest valid
   UTF-8 encoding of the UNICODE data MUST be used.  The server is
   responsible for converting the UNICODE data to whatever canonical
   form it requires.

   For example, if the server requires that precomposed characters
   always be used, the server MUST NOT assume the filename as sent by
   the client has this attribute, but must do this normalization itself.

   It is understood that the lack of well-defined semantics for file
   names may cause interoperability problems between clients and servers
   using radically different operating systems.  However, this approach
   is known to work acceptably with most systems, and alternative
   approaches that e.g.  treat file names as sequences of structured
   components are quite complicated.

6.3 Opening, Creating, and Closing Files

   Files are opened and created using the SSH_FXP_OPEN message, whose
   data part is as follows:



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   	uint32        id
   	string        filename [UTF-8]
   	uint32        pflags
   	ATTRS         attrs

   The `id' field is the request identifier as for all requests.

   The `filename' field specifies the file name.  See Section ``File
   Names'' for more information.

   The `pflags' field is a bitmask.  The following bits have been
   defined.

   	#define SSH_FXF_READ            0x00000001
   	#define SSH_FXF_WRITE           0x00000002
   	#define SSH_FXF_APPEND          0x00000004
   	#define SSH_FXF_CREAT           0x00000008
   	#define SSH_FXF_TRUNC           0x00000010
   	#define SSH_FXF_EXCL            0x00000020
   	#define SSH_FXF_TEXT            0x00000040

   These have the following meanings:

   SSH_FXF_READ
      Open the file for reading.

   SSH_FXF_WRITE
      Open the file for writing.  If both this and SSH_FXF_READ are
      specified, the file is opened for both reading and writing.

   SSH_FXF_APPEND
      Force all writes to append data at the end of the file.  The
      offset parameter to write will be ignored.

   SSH_FXF_CREAT
      If this flag is specified, then a new file will be created if one
      does not already exist (if O_TRUNC is specified, the new file will
      be truncated to zero length if it previously exists).

   SSH_FXF_TRUNC
      Forces an existing file with the same name to be truncated to zero
      length when creating a file by specifying SSH_FXF_CREAT.
      SSH_FXF_CREAT MUST also be specified if this flag is used.

   SSH_FXF_EXCL
      Causes the request to fail if the named file already exists.
      SSH_FXF_CREAT MUST also be specified if this flag is used.




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   SSH_FXF_TEXT
      Indicates that the server should treat the file as text and
      convert it to the canonical newline convention in use.  (See
      Determining Server Newline Convention. (Section 4.3)

      When a file is opened with the FXF_TEXT flag, the offset field in
      both the read and write function are ignored.

      Servers MUST correctly process multiple parallel reads and writes
      correctly in this mode.  Naturally, it is permissible for them to
      do this by serializing the requests.  It would not be possible for
      a client to reliably detect a server that does not implement
      parallel writes in time to prevent damage.

      Clients SHOULD use the SSH_FXF_APPEND flag to append data to a
      text file rather then using write with a calculated offset.

      To support seeks on text file the following SSH_FXP_EXTENDED
      packet is defined.



   	string "text-seek"
   	string file-handle
   	uint64 line-number

      line-number is the index of the line number to seek to, where byte
      0 in the file is line number 0, and the byte directly following
      the first newline sequence in the file is line number 1 and so on.

      The response to a "text-seek" request is an SSH_FXP_STATUS
      message.

      An attempt to seek past the end-of-file should result in a
      SSH_FX_EOF status.

      Servers SHOULD support at least one "text-seek" in order to
      support resume.  However, a client MUST be prepared to receive
      SSH_FX_OP_UNSUPPORTED when attempting a "text-seek" operation.
      The client can then try a fall-back strategy, if it has one.

      Clients MUST be prepared to handle SSH_FX_OP_UNSUPPORTED returned
      for read or write operations that are not sequential.

   The `attrs' field specifies the initial attributes for the file.
   Default values will be used for those attributes that are not
   specified.  See Section ``File Attributes'' for more information.




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   The response to this message will be either SSH_FXP_HANDLE (if the
   operation is successful) or SSH_FXP_STATUS (if the operation fails).

   A file is closed by using the SSH_FXP_CLOSE request.  Its data field
   has the following format:

   	uint32     id
   	string     handle

   where `id' is the request identifier, and `handle' is a handle
   previously returned in the response to SSH_FXP_OPEN or
   SSH_FXP_OPENDIR.  The handle becomes invalid immediately after this
   request has been sent.

   The response to this request will be a SSH_FXP_STATUS message.  One
   should note that on some server platforms even a close can fail.
   This can happen e.g.  if the server operating system caches writes,
   and an error occurs while flushing cached writes during the close.

6.4 Reading and Writing

   Once a file has been opened, it can be read using the following
   message:

   	byte       SSH_FXP_READ
   	uint32     id
   	string     handle
   	uint64     offset
   	uint32     len

   where `id' is the request identifier, `handle' is an open file handle
   returned by SSH_FXP_OPEN, `offset' is the offset (in bytes) relative
   to the beginning of the file from where to start reading, and `len'
   is the maximum number of bytes to read.

   In response to this request, the server will read as many bytes as it
   can from the file (up to `len'), and return them in a SSH_FXP_DATA
   message.  If an error occurs or EOF is encountered before reading any
   data, the server will respond with SSH_FXP_STATUS.

   For normal disk files, it is normally guaranteed that this will read
   the specified number of bytes, or up to end of file.  However, if the
   read length is very long, the server may truncate it if it doesn't
   support packets of that length.  See General Packet Format (Section
   3).

   For e.g.  device files this may return fewer bytes than requested.




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   Writing to a file is achieved using the following message:

   	byte       SSH_FXP_WRITE
   	uint32     id
   	string     handle
   	uint64     offset
   	string     data

   where `id' is a request identifier, `handle' is a file handle
   returned by SSH_FXP_OPEN, `offset' is the offset (in bytes) from the
   beginning of the file where to start writing, and `data' is the data
   to be written.

   The write will extend the file if writing beyond the end of the file.
   It is legal to write way beyond the end of the file; the semantics
   are to write zeroes from the end of the file to the specified offset
   and then the data.  On most operating systems, such writes do not
   allocate disk space but instead leave "holes" in the file.

   The server responds to a write request with a SSH_FXP_STATUS message.

6.5 Removing and Renaming Files

   Files can be removed using the SSH_FXP_REMOVE message.  It has the
   following format:

   	uint32     id
   	string     filename [UTF-8]

   where `id' is the request identifier and `filename' is the name of
   the file to be removed.  See Section ``File Names'' for more
   information.  This request cannot be used to remove directories.

   The server will respond to this request with a SSH_FXP_STATUS
   message.

   Files (and directories) can be renamed using the SSH_FXP_RENAME
   message.  Its data is as follows:

   	uint32     id
   	string     oldpath [UTF-8]
   	string     newpath [UTF-8]

   where `id' is the request identifier, `oldpath' is the name of an
   existing file or directory, and `newpath' is the new name for the
   file or directory.  It is an error if there already exists a file
   with the name specified by newpath.  The server may also fail rename
   requests in other situations, for example if `oldpath' and `newpath'



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   point to different file systems on the server.

   The server will respond to this request with a SSH_FXP_STATUS
   message.

6.6 Creating and Deleting Directories

   New directories can be created using the SSH_FXP_MKDIR request.  It
   has the following format:

   	uint32     id
   	string     path [UTF-8]
   	ATTRS      attrs

   where `id' is the request identifier.

   `path' specifies the directory to be created.  See Section ``File
   Names'' for more information on file names.

   `attrs' specifies the attributes that should be applied to it upon
   creation.  Attributes are discussed in more detail in Section ``File
   Attributes''.

   The server will respond to this request with a SSH_FXP_STATUS
   message.  If a file or directory with the specified path already
   exists, an error will be returned.

   Directories can be removed using the SSH_FXP_RMDIR request, which has
   the following format:

   	uint32     id
   	string     path [UTF-8]

   where `id' is the request identifier, and `path' specifies the
   directory to be removed.  See Section ``File Names'' for more
   information on file names.

   The server responds to this request with a SSH_FXP_STATUS message.
   Errors may be returned from this operation for various reasons,
   including, but not limited to, the path does not exist, the path does
   not refer to a directory object, the directory is not empty, or the
   user has insufficient access or permission to perform the requested
   operation.

6.7 Scanning Directories

   The files in a directory can be listed using the SSH_FXP_OPENDIR and
   SSH_FXP_READDIR requests.  Each SSH_FXP_READDIR request returns one



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   or more file names with full file attributes for each file.  The
   client should call SSH_FXP_READDIR repeatedly until it has found the
   file it is looking for or until the server responds with a
   SSH_FXP_STATUS message indicating an error (normally SSH_FX_EOF if
   there are no more files in the directory).  The client should then
   close the handle using the SSH_FXP_CLOSE request.

   The SSH_FXP_OPENDIR opens a directory for reading.  It has the
   following format:

   	uint32     id
   	string     path [UTF-8]

   where `id' is the request identifier and `path' is the path name of
   the directory to be listed (without any trailing slash).  See Section
   ``File Names'' for more information on file names.  This will return
   an error if the path does not specify a directory or if the directory
   is not readable.  The server will respond to this request with either
   a SSH_FXP_HANDLE or a SSH_FXP_STATUS message.

   Once the directory has been successfully opened, files (and
   directories) contained in it can be listed using SSH_FXP_READDIR
   requests.  These are of the format

   	uint32     id
   	string     handle

   where `id' is the request identifier, and `handle' is a handle
   returned by SSH_FXP_OPENDIR.  (It is a protocol error to attempt to
   use an ordinary file handle returned by SSH_FXP_OPEN.)

   The server responds to this request with either a SSH_FXP_NAME or a
   SSH_FXP_STATUS message.  One or more names may be returned at a time.
   Full status information is returned for each name in order to speed
   up typical directory listings.

   If there are no more names available to be read, the server MUST
   respond with a SSH_FXP_STATUS message with error code of SSH_FX_EOF.

   When the client no longer wishes to read more names from the
   directory, it SHOULD call SSH_FXP_CLOSE for the handle.  The handle
   should be closed regardless of whether an error has occurred or not.

6.8 Retrieving File Attributes

   Very often, file attributes are automatically returned by
   SSH_FXP_READDIR.  However, sometimes there is need to specifically
   retrieve the attributes for a named file.  This can be done using the



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   SSH_FXP_STAT, SSH_FXP_LSTAT and SSH_FXP_FSTAT requests.

   SSH_FXP_STAT and SSH_FXP_LSTAT only differ in that SSH_FXP_STAT
   follows symbolic links on the server, whereas SSH_FXP_LSTAT does not
   follow symbolic links.  Both have the same format:

   	uint32     id
   	string     path [UTF-8]
   	uint32     flags

   where `id' is the request identifier, and `path' specifies the file
   system object for which status is to be returned.  The server
   responds to this request with either SSH_FXP_ATTRS or SSH_FXP_STATUS.

   The flags field specify the attribute flags in which the client has
   particular interest.  This is a hint to the server.  For example,
   because retrieving owner / group and acl information can be an
   expensive operation under some operating systems, the server may
   choose not to retrieve this information unless the client expresses a
   specific interest in it.

   The client has no guarantee the server will provide all the fields
   that it has expressed an interest in.

   SSH_FXP_FSTAT differs from the others in that it returns status
   information for an open file (identified by the file handle).  Its
   format is as follows:

   	uint32     id
   	string     handle
   	uint32     flags

   where `id' is the request identifier and `handle' is a file handle
   returned by SSH_FXP_OPEN.  The server responds to this request with
   SSH_FXP_ATTRS or SSH_FXP_STATUS.

6.9 Setting File Attributes

   File attributes may be modified using the SSH_FXP_SETSTAT and
   SSH_FXP_FSETSTAT requests.  These requests are used for operations
   such as changing the ownership, permissions or access times, as well
   as for truncating a file.

   The SSH_FXP_SETSTAT request is of the following format:







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   	uint32     id
   	string     path [UTF-8]
   	ATTRS      attrs

   where `id' is the request identifier, `path' specifies the file
   system object (e.g.  file or directory) whose attributes are to be
   modified, and `attrs' specifies the modifications to be made to its
   attributes.  Attributes are discussed in more detail in Section
   ``File Attributes''.

   An error will be returned if the specified file system object does
   not exist or the user does not have sufficient rights to modify the
   specified attributes.  The server responds to this request with a
   SSH_FXP_STATUS message.

   The SSH_FXP_FSETSTAT request modifies the attributes of a file which
   is already open.  It has the following format:

   	uint32     id
   	string     handle
   	ATTRS      attrs

   where `id' is the request identifier, `handle' (MUST be returned by
   SSH_FXP_OPEN) identifies the file whose attributes are to be
   modified, and `attrs' specifies the modifications to be made to its
   attributes.  Attributes are discussed in more detail in Section
   ``File Attributes''.  The server will respond to this request with
   SSH_FXP_STATUS.

6.10 Dealing with Symbolic links

   The SSH_FXP_READLINK request may be used to read the target of a
   symbolic link.  It would have a data part as follows:

   	uint32     id
   	string     path [UTF-8]

   where `id' is the request identifier and `path' specifies the path
   name of the symlink to be read.

   The server will respond with a SSH_FXP_NAME packet containing only
   one name and a dummy attributes value.  The name in the returned
   packet contains the target of the link.  If an error occurs, the
   server may respond with SSH_FXP_STATUS.

   The SSH_FXP_SYMLINK request will create a symbolic link on the
   server.  It is of the following format




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   	uint32     id
   	string     linkpath   [UTF-8]
   	string     targetpath [UTF-8]

   where `id' is the request identifier, `linkpath' specifies the path
   name of the symlink to be created and `targetpath' specifies the
   target of the symlink.  The server shall respond with a
   SSH_FXP_STATUS indicating either success (SSH_FX_OK) or an error
   condition.

6.11 Canonicalizing the Server-Side Path Name

   The SSH_FXP_REALPATH request can be used to have the server
   canonicalize any given path name to an absolute path.  This is useful
   for converting path names containing ".." components or relative
   pathnames without a leading slash into absolute paths.  The format of
   the request is as follows:

   	uint32     id
   	string     path [UTF-8]

   where `id' is the request identifier and `path' specifies the path
   name to be canonicalized.  The server will respond with a
   SSH_FXP_NAME packet containing the name in canonical form and a dummy
   attributes value.  If an error occurs, the server may also respond
   with SSH_FXP_STATUS.

6.11.1 Best practice for dealing with paths

   The client SHOULD treat the results of SSH_FXP_REALPATH as a
   canonical absolute path, even if the path does not appear to be
   absolute.  A client that use REALPATH(".") and treats the result as
   absolute, even if there is no leading slash, will continue to
   function correctly, even when talking to a Windows NT or VMS style
   system, where absolute paths may not begin with a slash.

   For example, if the client wishes to change directory up, and the
   server has returned "c:/x/y/z" from REALPATH, the client SHOULD use
   "c:/x/y/z/..".

   As a second example, if the client wishes to open the file "x.txt" in
   the current directory, and server has returned "dka100:/x/y/z" as the
   canonical path of the directory, the client SHOULD open "dka100:/x/y/
   z/x.txt"







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7. Responses from the Server to the Client

   The server responds to the client using one of a few response
   packets.  All requests can return a SSH_FXP_STATUS response upon
   failure.  When the operation is successful, any of the responses may
   be returned (depending on the operation).  If no data needs to be
   returned to the client, the SSH_FXP_STATUS response with SSH_FX_OK
   status is appropriate.  Otherwise, the SSH_FXP_HANDLE message is used
   to return a file handle (for SSH_FXP_OPEN and SSH_FXP_OPENDIR
   requests), SSH_FXP_DATA is used to return data from SSH_FXP_READ,
   SSH_FXP_NAME is used to return one or more file names from a
   SSH_FXP_READDIR or SSH_FXP_REALPATH request, and SSH_FXP_ATTRS is
   used to return file attributes from SSH_FXP_STAT, SSH_FXP_LSTAT, and
   SSH_FXP_FSTAT requests.

   Exactly one response will be returned for each request.  Each
   response packet contains a request identifier which can be used to
   match each response with the corresponding request.  Note that it is
   legal to have several requests outstanding simultaneously, and the
   server is allowed to send responses to them in a different order from
   the order in which the requests were sent (the result of their
   execution, however, is guaranteed to be as if they had been processed
   one at a time in the order in which the requests were sent).

   Response packets are of the same general format as request packets.
   Each response packet begins with the request identifier.

   The format of the data portion of the SSH_FXP_STATUS response is as
   follows:

   	uint32     id
   	uint32     error/status code
   	string     error message (ISO-10646 UTF-8 [RFC-2279])
   	string     language tag (as defined in [RFC-1766])

   where `id' is the request identifier, and `error/status code'
   indicates the result of the requested operation.  The value SSH_FX_OK
   indicates success, and all other values indicate failure.

   Currently, the following values are defined (other values may be
   defined by future versions of this protocol):










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   	#define SSH_FX_OK                            0
   	#define SSH_FX_EOF                           1
   	#define SSH_FX_NO_SUCH_FILE                  2
   	#define SSH_FX_PERMISSION_DENIED             3
   	#define SSH_FX_FAILURE                       4
   	#define SSH_FX_BAD_MESSAGE                   5
   	#define SSH_FX_NO_CONNECTION                 6
   	#define SSH_FX_CONNECTION_LOST               7
   	#define SSH_FX_OP_UNSUPPORTED                8
   	#define SSH_FX_INVALID_HANDLE                9
   	#define SSH_FX_NO_SUCH_PATH                  10
   	#define SSH_FX_FILE_ALREADY_EXISTS           11
   	#define SSH_FX_WRITE_PROTECT                 12
   	#define SSH_FX_NO_MEDIA                      13

   SSH_FX_OK
      Indicates successful completion of the operation.

   SSH_FX_EOF
      indicates end-of-file condition; for SSH_FX_READ it means that no
      more data is available in the file, and for SSH_FX_READDIR it
      indicates that no more files are contained in the directory.

   SSH_FX_NO_SUCH_FILE
      is returned when a reference is made to a file which does not
      exist.

   SSH_FX_PERMISSION_DENIED
      is returned when the authenticated user does not have sufficient
      permissions to perform the operation.

   SSH_FX_FAILURE
      is a generic catch-all error message; it should be returned if an
      error occurs for which there is no more specific error code
      defined.

   SSH_FX_BAD_MESSAGE
      may be returned if a badly formatted packet or protocol
      incompatibility is detected.

   SSH_FX_NO_CONNECTION
      is a pseudo-error which indicates that the client has no
      connection to the server (it can only be generated locally by the
      client, and MUST NOT be returned by servers).

   SSH_FX_CONNECTION_LOST
      is a pseudo-error which indicates that the connection to the
      server has been lost (it can only be generated locally by the



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      client, and MUST NOT be returned by servers).

   SSH_FX_OP_UNSUPPORTED
      indicates that an attempt was made to perform an operation which
      is not supported for the server (it may be generated locally by
      the client if e.g.  the version number exchange indicates that a
      required feature is not supported by the server, or it may be
      returned by the server if the server does not implement an
      operation).

   SSH_FX_INVALID_HANDLE
      The handle value was invalid.

   SSH_FX_NO_SUCH_PATH
      The file path does not exist or is invalid.

   SSH_FX_FILE_ALREADY_EXISTS
      The file already exists.

   SSH_FX_WRITE_PROTECT
      The file is on read only media, or the media is write protected.

   SSH_FX_NO_MEDIA
      The requested operation can not be completed because there is no
      media available in the drive.

   The SSH_FXP_HANDLE response has the following format:

   	uint32     id
   	string     handle

   where `id' is the request identifier, and `handle' is an arbitrary
   string that identifies an open file or directory on the server.  The
   handle is opaque to the client; the client MUST NOT attempt to
   interpret or modify it in any way.  The length of the handle string
   MUST NOT exceed 256 data bytes.

   The SSH_FXP_DATA response has the following format:

   	uint32     id
   	string     data

   where `id' is the request identifier, and `data' is an arbitrary byte
   string containing the requested data.  The data string may be at most
   the number of bytes requested in a SSH_FXP_READ request, but may also
   be shorter if end of file is reached or if the read is from something
   other than a regular file.




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   The SSH_FXP_NAME response has the following format:

   	uint32     id
   	uint32     count
   	repeats count times:
   		string     filename [UTF-8]
   		ATTRS      attrs

   where `id' is the request identifier, `count' is the number of names
   returned in this response, and the remaining fields repeat `count'
   times (so that all three fields are first included for the first
   file, then for the second file, etc).  In the repeated part,
   `filename' is a file name being returned (for SSH_FXP_READDIR, it
   will be a relative name within the directory, without any path
   components; for SSH_FXP_REALPATH it will be an absolute path name),
   and `attrs' is the attributes of the file as described in Section
   ``File Attributes''.

   The SSH_FXP_ATTRS response has the following format:

   	uint32     id
   	ATTRS      attrs

   where `id' is the request identifier, and `attrs' is the returned
   file attributes as described in Section ``File Attributes''.


























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8. Vendor-Specific Extensions

   The SSH_FXP_EXTENDED request provides a generic extension mechanism
   for adding vendor-specific commands.  The request has the following
   format:

   	uint32     id
   	string     extended-request
   	... any request-specific data ...

   where `id' is the request identifier, and `extended-request' is a
   string of the format "name@domain", where domain is an internet
   domain name of the vendor defining the request.  The rest of the
   request is completely vendor-specific, and servers should only
   attempt to interpret it if they recognize the `extended-request'
   name.

   The server may respond to such requests using any of the response
   packets defined in Section ``Responses from the Server to the
   Client''.  Additionally, the server may also respond with a
   SSH_FXP_EXTENDED_REPLY packet, as defined below.  If the server does
   not recognize the `extended-request' name, then the server MUST
   respond with SSH_FXP_STATUS with error/status set to
   SSH_FX_OP_UNSUPPORTED.

   The SSH_FXP_EXTENDED_REPLY packet can be used to carry arbitrary
   extension-specific data from the server to the client.  It is of the
   following format:

   	uint32     id
   	... any request-specific data ...

   There is a range of packet types reserved for use by extensions.  In
   order to avoid collision, extensions that turn on the use of
   additional packet types should determine those numbers dynamically.

   The suggested way of doing this is have an extension request from the
   client to the server that enables the extension; the extension
   response from the server to the client would specify the actual type
   values to use, in additional to any other data.

   Extension authors should be mindful of the limited range of packet
   types available (there are only 45 values available) and avoid
   requiring a new packet type where possible.







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9. Security Considerations

   This protocol assumes that it is run over a secure channel and that
   the endpoints of the channel have been authenticated.  Thus, this
   protocol assumes that it is externally protected from network-level
   attacks.

   This protocol provides file system access to arbitrary files on the
   server (only constrained by the server implementation).  It is the
   responsibility of the server implementation to enforce any access
   controls that may be required to limit the access allowed for any
   particular user (the user being authenticated externally to this
   protocol, typically using the SSH User Authentication Protocol [8].

   Care must be taken in the server implementation to check the validity
   of received file handle strings.  The server should not rely on them
   directly; it MUST check the validity of each handle before relying on
   it.

































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10. Changes from previous protocol versions

   The SSH File Transfer Protocol has changed over time, before it's
   standardization.  The following is a description of the incompatible
   changes between different versions.

10.1 Changes between versions 4 and 3

   Many of the changes between version 4 and version 3 are to the
   attribute structure to make it more flexible for non-unix platforms.

   o  Clarify the use of stderr by the server.

   o  Clarify handling of very large read requests by the server.

   o  Make all filenames UTF-8.

   o  Added 'newline' extension.

   o  Made time fields 64 bit, and optionally have nanosecond resultion.

   o  Made file attribute owner and group strings so they can actually
      be used on disparate systems.

   o  Added createtime field, and added separate flags for atime,
      createtime, and mtime so they can be set separately.

   o  Split the file type out of the permissions field and into it's own
      field (which is always present.)

   o  Added acl attribute.

   o  Added SSH_FXF_TEXT file open flag.

   o  Added flags field to the get stat commands so that the client can
      specifically request information the server might not normally
      included for performance reasons.

   o  Removed the long filename from the names structure-- it can now be
      built from information available in the attrs structure.

   o  Added reserved range of packet numbers for extensions.

   o  Added several additional error codes.







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10.2 Changes between versions 3 and 2

   o  The SSH_FXP_READLINK and SSH_FXP_SYMLINK messages were added.

   o  The SSH_FXP_EXTENDED and SSH_FXP_EXTENDED_REPLY messages were
      added.

   o  The SSH_FXP_STATUS message was changed to include fields `error
      message' and `language tag'.


10.3 Changes between versions 2 and 1

   o  The SSH_FXP_RENAME message was added.


10.4 Changes between versions 1 and 0

   o  Implementation changes, no actual protocol changes.
































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11. Trademark Issues

   "ssh" is a registered trademark of SSH Communications Security Corp
   in the United States and/or other countries.















































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References

   [1]  Dierks, T., Allen, C., Treese, W., Karlton, P., Freier, A. and
        P. Kocher, "The TLS Protocol Version 1.0", RFC 2246, January
        1999.

   [2]  Alvestrand, H., "IETF Policy on Character Sets and Languages",
        BCP 18, RFC 2277, January 1998.

   [3]  Shepler, S., Callaghan, B., Robinson, D., Thurlow, R., Beame,
        C., Eisler, M. and D. Noveck, "NFS version 4 Protocol", RFC
        3010, December 2000.

   [4]  Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, "Information
        Technology - Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) - Part
        1: System Application Program Interface (API) [C Language]",
        IEEE Standard 1003.2, 1996.

   [5]  Rinne, T., Ylonen, T., Kivinen, T., Saarinen, M. and S.
        Lehtinen, "SSH Protocol Architecture",
        draft-ietf-secsh-architecture-13 (work in progress), September
        2002.

   [6]  Rinne, T., Ylonen, T., Kivinen, T., Saarinen, M. and S.
        Lehtinen, "SSH Protocol Transport Protocol",
        draft-ietf-secsh-transport-15 (work in progress), September
        2002.

   [7]  Rinne, T., Ylonen, T., Kivinen, T., Saarinen, M. and S.
        Lehtinen, "SSH Connection Protocol", draft-ietf-secsh-connect-16
        (work in progress), September 2002.

   [8]  Rinne, T., Ylonen, T., Kivinen, T., Saarinen, M. and S.
        Lehtinen, "SSH Authentication Protocol",
        draft-ietf-secsh-userauth-16 (work in progress), September 2002.


Authors' Addresses

   Joseph Galbraith
   VanDyke Software
   4848 Tramway Ridge Blvd
   Suite 101
   Albuquerque, NM  87111
   US

   Phone: +1 505 332 5700
   EMail: [email protected]



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   Tatu Ylonen
   SSH Communications Security Corp
   Fredrikinkatu 42
   HELSINKI  FIN-00100
   Finland

   EMail: [email protected]


   Sami Lehtinen
   SSH Communications Security Corp
   Fredrikinkatu 42
   HELSINKI  FIN-00100
   Finland

   EMail: [email protected]



































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   HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
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Acknowledgement

   Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
   Internet Society.











































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