path: root/lib/stdlib/doc/src/erl_tar.xml

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<erlref>
  <header>
    <copyright>
      <year>2003</year><year>2018</year>
      <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder>
    </copyright>
    <legalnotice>
      Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
      you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
      You may obtain a copy of the License at
 
          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

      Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
      distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
      WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
      See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
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    </legalnotice>

    <title>erl_tar</title>
    <prepared>Bjorn Gustavsson</prepared>
    <responsible>Bjorn Gustavsson</responsible>
    <docno>1</docno>
    <approved>Kenneth Lundin</approved>
    <checked></checked>
    <date>2003-01-21</date>
    <rev>A</rev>
    <file>erl_tar.xml</file>
  </header>
  <module>erl_tar</module>
  <modulesummary>Unix 'tar' utility for reading and writing tar archives.
  </modulesummary>
  <description>
    <p>This module archives and extract files to and from
    a tar file. This module supports reading most common tar formats,
    namely v7, STAR, USTAR, and PAX, as well as some of GNU tar's extensions
    to the USTAR format (sparse files most notably). It produces tar archives
    in USTAR format, unless the files being archived require PAX format due to
    restrictions in USTAR (such as unicode metadata, filename length, and more).
    As such, <c>erl_tar</c> supports tar archives produced by most all modern
    tar utilities, and produces tarballs which should be similarly portable.</p>
    <p>By convention, the name of a tar file is to end in "<c>.tar</c>".
      To abide to the convention, add "<c>.tar</c>" to the name.</p>

    <p>Tar files can be created in one operation using function
      <seealso marker="#create/2"><c>create/2</c></seealso> or
      <seealso marker="#create/3"><c>create/3</c></seealso>.</p>

    <p>Alternatively, for more control, use functions
      <seealso marker="#open/2"><c>open/2</c></seealso>,
      <seealso marker="#add/3"><c>add/3,4</c></seealso>, and
      <seealso marker="#close/1"><c>close/1</c></seealso>.</p>

    <p>To extract all files from a tar file, use function
      <seealso marker="#extract/1"><c>extract/1</c></seealso>.
      To extract only some files or to be able to specify some more options,
      use function <seealso marker="#extract/2"><c>extract/2</c></seealso>.</p>

    <p>To return a list of the files in a tar file,
      use function <seealso marker="#table/1"><c>table/1</c></seealso> or
      <seealso marker="#table/2"><c>table/2</c></seealso>.
      To print a list of files to the Erlang shell,
      use function <seealso marker="#t/1"><c>t/1</c></seealso> or
      <seealso marker="#tt/1"><c>tt/1</c></seealso>.</p>

    <p>To convert an error term returned from one of the functions
      above to a readable message, use function
      <seealso marker="#format_error/1"><c>format_error/1</c></seealso>.</p>
  </description>

  <section>
    <title>Unicode Support</title>
    <p>If <seealso marker="kernel:file#native_name_encoding/0">
      <c>file:native_name_encoding/0</c></seealso>
      returns <c>utf8</c>, path names are encoded in UTF-8 when
      creating tar files, and path names are assumed to be encoded in
      UTF-8 when extracting tar files.</p>

    <p>If <seealso marker="kernel:file#native_name_encoding/0">
      <c>file:native_name_encoding/0</c></seealso>
      returns <c>latin1</c>, no translation of path names is done.</p>

    <p>Unicode metadata stored in PAX headers is preserved</p>
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>Other Storage Media</title>
    <p>The <seealso marker="ftp:ftp"><c>ftp</c></seealso>
      module normally accesses the tar file on disk using
      the <seealso marker="kernel:file"><c>file</c></seealso> module.
      When other needs arise, you can define your own low-level Erlang
      functions to perform the writing and reading on the storage media;
      use function <seealso marker="#init/3"><c>init/3</c></seealso>.</p>

    <p>An example of this is the SFTP support in
      <seealso marker="ssh:ssh_sftp#open_tar/3">
      <c>ssh_sftp:open_tar/3</c></seealso>. This function opens a tar file
      on a remote machine using an SFTP channel.</p>
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>Limitations</title>
    <list type="bulleted">
      <item>
        <p>If you must remain compatible with the USTAR tar format, you must ensure file paths being
        stored are less than 255 bytes in total, with a maximum filename component
        length of 100 bytes. USTAR uses a header field (prefix) in addition to the name field, and
        splits file paths longer than 100 bytes into two parts. This split is done on a directory boundary,
        and is done in such a way to make the best use of the space available in those two fields, but in practice
        this will often mean that you have less than 255 bytes for a path. <c>erl_tar</c> will
        automatically upgrade the format to PAX to handle longer filenames, so this is only an issue if you
        need to extract the archive with an older implementation of <c>erl_tar</c> or <c>tar</c> which does
        not support PAX. In this case, the PAX headers will be extracted as regular files, and you will need to
        apply them manually.</p>
      </item>
      <item>
        <p>Like the above, if you must remain USTAR compatible, you must also ensure than paths for
        symbolic/hard links are no more than 100 bytes, otherwise PAX headers will be used.</p>
      </item>
    </list>
  </section>

  <funcs>
    <func>
      <name>add(TarDescriptor, Filename, Options) -> RetValue</name>
      <fsummary>Add a file to an open tar file.</fsummary>
      <type>
        <v>TarDescriptor = term()</v>
        <v>FilenameOrBin = filename()|binary()</v>
        <v>NameInArchive = filename()</v>
        <v>Filename = filename()|{NameInArchive,FilenameOrBin}</v>
        <v>Options = [Option]</v>
        <v>Option = dereference|verbose|{chunks,ChunkSize}</v>
           <v>|{atime,non_neg_integer()}|{mtime,non_neg_integer()}</v>
           <v>|{ctime,non_neg_integer()}|{uid,non_neg_integer()}</v>
           <v>|{gid,non_neg_integer()}</v>
        <v>ChunkSize = positive_integer()</v>
        <v>RetValue = ok|{error,{Filename,Reason}}</v>
        <v>Reason = term()</v>
      </type>
      <desc>
        <p>Adds a file to a tar file that has been opened for writing by
          <seealso marker="#open/2"><c>open/1</c></seealso>.</p>
        <p><c>NameInArchive</c> is the name under which the file becomes
          stored in the tar file. The file gets this name when it is
          extracted from the tar file.</p>
        <p>Options:</p>
        <taglist>
          <tag><c>dereference</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>By default, symbolic links are stored as symbolic links
              in the tar file. To override the default and store the file
              that the symbolic link points to into the tar file, use
              option <c>dereference</c>.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>verbose</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>Prints an informational message about the added file.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>{chunks,ChunkSize}</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>Reads data in parts from the file. This is intended for
              memory-limited machines that, for example, builds a tar file
              on a remote machine over SFTP, see
              <seealso marker="ssh:ssh_sftp#open_tar/3">
              <c>ssh_sftp:open_tar/3</c></seealso>.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>{atime,non_neg_integer()}</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>Sets the last time, as
	            <seealso marker="erts:time_correction#POSIX_Time">
              POSIX time</seealso>, when the file was read. See also
              <seealso marker="kernel:file#read_file_info/1">
              <c>file:read_file_info/1</c></seealso>.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>{mtime,non_neg_integer()}</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>Sets the last time, as
	            <seealso marker="erts:time_correction#POSIX_Time">
              POSIX time</seealso>, when the file was written. See also
              <seealso marker="kernel:file#read_file_info/1">
              <c>file:read_file_info/1</c></seealso>.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>{ctime,non_neg_integer()}</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>Sets the time, as
	            <seealso marker="erts:time_correction#POSIX_Time">
              POSIX time</seealso>, when the file was created. See also
              <seealso marker="kernel:file#read_file_info/1">
              <c>file:read_file_info/1</c></seealso>.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>{uid,non_neg_integer()}</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>Sets the file owner.
              <seealso marker="kernel:file#read_file_info/1">
              <c>file:read_file_info/1</c></seealso>.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>{gid,non_neg_integer()}</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>Sets the group that the file owner belongs to.
              <seealso marker="kernel:file#read_file_info/1">
              <c>file:read_file_info/1</c></seealso>.</p>
          </item>
        </taglist>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name>add(TarDescriptor, FilenameOrBin, NameInArchive, Options) ->
        RetValue </name>
      <fsummary>Add a file to an open tar file.</fsummary>
      <type>
        <v>TarDescriptor = term()</v>
        <v>FilenameOrBin = filename()|binary()</v>
        <v>Filename = filename()</v>
        <v>NameInArchive = filename()</v>
        <v>Options = [Option]</v>
        <v>Option = dereference|verbose</v>
        <v>RetValue = ok|{error,{Filename,Reason}}</v>
        <v>Reason = term()</v>
      </type>
      <desc>
        <p>Adds a file to a tar file that has been opened for writing by
          <seealso marker="#open/2"><c>open/2</c></seealso>. This function
          accepts the same options as
          <seealso marker="#add/3"><c>add/3</c></seealso>.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name>close(TarDescriptor)</name>
      <fsummary>Close an open tar file.</fsummary>
      <type>
        <v>TarDescriptor = term()</v>
      </type>
      <desc>
        <p>Closes a tar file
          opened by <seealso marker="#open/2"><c>open/2</c></seealso>.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name>create(Name, FileList) ->RetValue </name>
      <fsummary>Create a tar archive.</fsummary>
      <type>
        <v>Name = filename()</v>
        <v>FileList = [Filename|{NameInArchive, FilenameOrBin}]</v>
        <v>FilenameOrBin = filename()|binary()</v>
        <v>Filename = filename()</v>
        <v>NameInArchive = filename()</v>
        <v>RetValue = ok|{error,{Name,Reason}}</v>
        <v>Reason = term()</v>
      </type>
      <desc>
        <p>Creates a tar file and archives the files whose names are specified
          in <c>FileList</c> into it. The files can either be read from disk
          or be specified as binaries.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name>create(Name, FileList, OptionList)</name>
      <fsummary>Create a tar archive with options.</fsummary>
      <type>
        <v>Name = filename()</v>
        <v>FileList = [Filename|{NameInArchive, FilenameOrBin}]</v>
        <v>FilenameOrBin = filename()|binary()</v>
        <v>Filename = filename()</v>
        <v>NameInArchive = filename()</v>
        <v>OptionList = [Option]</v>
        <v>Option = compressed|cooked|dereference|verbose</v>
        <v>RetValue = ok|{error,{Name,Reason}}</v>
        <v>Reason = term()</v>
      </type>
      <desc>
        <p>Creates a tar file and archives the files whose names are specified
          in <c>FileList</c> into it. The files can either be read from disk
          or be specified as binaries.</p>
        <p>The options in <c>OptionList</c> modify the defaults as follows:</p>
        <taglist>
          <tag><c>compressed</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>The entire tar file is compressed, as if it has
              been run through the <c>gzip</c> program. To abide to the
              convention that a compressed tar file is to end in
              "<c>.tar.gz</c>" or "<c>.tgz</c>", add the appropriate
              extension.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>cooked</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>By default, function <c>open/2</c> opens the tar file in
              <c>raw</c> mode, which is faster but does not allow a remote
              (Erlang) file server to be used. Adding <c>cooked</c> to the
              mode list overrides the default and opens the tar file without
              option <c>raw</c>.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>dereference</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>By default, symbolic links are stored as symbolic links in
              the tar file. To override the default and store the file that
              the symbolic link points to into the tar file, use
              option <c>dereference</c>.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>verbose</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>Prints an informational message about each added file.</p>
          </item>
        </taglist>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name>extract(Name) -> RetValue</name>
      <fsummary>Extract all files from a tar file.</fsummary>
      <type>
        <v>Name = filename() | {binary,binary()} | {file,Fd}</v>
        <v>Fd = file_descriptor()</v>
        <v>RetValue = ok|{error,{Name,Reason}}</v>
        <v>Reason = term()</v>
      </type>
      <desc>
        <p>Extracts all files from a tar archive.</p>
        <p>If argument <c>Name</c> is specified as <c>{binary,Binary}</c>,
          the contents of the binary is assumed to be a tar archive.</p>
        <p>If argument <c>Name</c> is specified as <c>{file,Fd}</c>,
          <c>Fd</c> is assumed to be a file descriptor returned from function
          <c>file:open/2</c>.</p>
        <p>Otherwise, <c>Name</c> is to be a filename.</p>
	<note><p>Leading slashes in tar member names will be removed before
	writing the file. That is, absolute paths will be turned into
	relative paths. There will be an info message written to the error
	logger when paths are changed in this way.</p></note>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name>extract(Name, OptionList)</name>
      <fsummary>Extract files from a tar file.</fsummary>
      <type>
        <v>Name = filename() | {binary,binary()} | {file,Fd}</v>
        <v>Fd = file_descriptor()</v>
        <v>OptionList = [Option]</v>
        <v>Option = {cwd,Cwd}|{files,FileList}|keep_old_files|verbose|memory</v>
        <v>Cwd = [dirname()]</v>
        <v>FileList = [filename()]</v>
        <v>RetValue = ok|MemoryRetValue|{error,{Name,Reason}}</v>
        <v>MemoryRetValue = {ok, [{NameInArchive,binary()}]}</v>
        <v>NameInArchive = filename()</v>
        <v>Reason = term()</v>
      </type>
      <desc>
        <p>Extracts files from a tar archive.</p>
        <p>If argument <c>Name</c> is specified as <c>{binary,Binary}</c>,
          the contents of the binary is assumed to be a tar archive.</p>
        <p>If argument <c>Name</c> is specified as <c>{file,Fd}</c>,
          <c>Fd</c> is assumed to be a file descriptor returned from function
          <c>file:open/2</c>.</p>
        <p>Otherwise, <c>Name</c> is to be a filename.</p>
        <p>The following options modify the defaults for the extraction as
          follows:</p>
        <taglist>
          <tag><c>{cwd,Cwd}</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>Files with relative filenames are by default extracted
              to the current working directory. With this option, files are
              instead extracted into directory <c>Cwd</c>.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>{files,FileList}</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>By default, all files are extracted from the tar file. With
              this option, only those files are extracted whose names are
              included in <c>FileList</c>.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>compressed</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>With this option, the file is uncompressed while extracting.
              If the tar file is not compressed, this option is ignored.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>cooked</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>By default, function <c>open/2</c> function opens the tar file
              in <c>raw</c> mode, which is faster but does not allow a remote
              (Erlang) file server to be used. Adding <c>cooked</c> to the mode
              list overrides the default and opens the tar file without option
              <c>raw</c>.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>memory</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>Instead of extracting to a directory, this option gives the
	      result as a list of tuples <c>{Filename, Binary}</c>, where
	      <c>Binary</c> is a binary containing the extracted data of the
              file named <c>Filename</c> in the tar file.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>keep_old_files</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>By default, all existing files with the same name as files in
              the tar file are overwritten. With this option, existing
              files are not overwriten.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>verbose</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>Prints an informational message for each extracted file.</p>
          </item>
        </taglist>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name>format_error(Reason) -> string()</name>
      <fsummary>Convert error term to a readable string.</fsummary>
      <type>
        <v>Reason = term()</v>
      </type>
      <desc>
        <p>Converts an error reason term to a human-readable error message
          string.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name>init(UserPrivate, AccessMode, Fun) ->
        {ok,TarDescriptor} | {error,Reason}</name>
      <fsummary>Create a <c>TarDescriptor</c> used in subsequent tar operations
        when defining own low-level storage access functions.</fsummary>
      <type>
        <v>UserPrivate = term()</v>
        <v>AccessMode = [write] | [read]</v>
        <v>Fun when AccessMode is [write] =
          fun(write, {UserPrivate,DataToWrite})->...;
          (position,{UserPrivate,Position})->...;
          (close, UserPrivate)->... end</v>
        <v>Fun when AccessMode is [read] =
          fun(read2, {UserPrivate,Size})->...;
          (position,{UserPrivate,Position})->...;
          (close,   UserPrivate)->... end</v>
        <v>TarDescriptor = term()</v>
        <v>Reason = term()</v>
      </type>
      <desc>
        <p>The <c>Fun</c> is the definition of what to do when the different
          storage operations functions are to be called from the higher tar
          handling functions (such as <c>add/3</c>, <c>add/4</c>, and
          <c>close/1</c>).</p>
        <p>The <c>Fun</c> is called when the tar function wants to do a
          low-level operation, like writing a block to a file. The <c>Fun</c>
          is called as <c>Fun(Op, {UserPrivate,Parameters...})</c>, where
          <c>Op</c> is the operation name, <c>UserPrivate</c> is the term
          passed as the first argument to <c>init/1</c> and
          <c>Parameters...</c> are the data added by the tar function to be
          passed down to the storage handling function.</p>
        <p>Parameter <c>UserPrivate</c> is typically the result of opening a
          low-level structure like a file descriptor or an SFTP channel id.
          The different <c>Fun</c> clauses operate on that very term.</p>
        <p>The following are the fun clauses parameter lists:</p>
        <taglist>
          <tag><c>(write, {UserPrivate,DataToWrite})</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>Writes term <c>DataToWrite</c> using <c>UserPrivate</c>.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>(close, UserPrivate)</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>Closes the access.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>(read2, {UserPrivate,Size})</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>Reads using <c>UserPrivate</c> but only <c>Size</c> bytes.
            Notice that there is only an arity-2 read function, not an arity-1
            function.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>(position,{UserPrivate,Position})</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>Sets the position of <c>UserPrivate</c> as defined for files in
              <seealso marker="kernel:file#position-2">
              <c>file:position/2</c></seealso></p>
          </item>
        </taglist>
        <p><em>Example:</em></p>
        <p>The following is a complete <c>Fun</c> parameter for reading and
          writing on files using the
          <seealso marker="kernel:file"><c>file</c></seealso> module:</p>
        <code type="none">
ExampleFun = 
   fun(write, {Fd,Data}) ->  file:write(Fd, Data);
      (position, {Fd,Pos}) -> file:position(Fd, Pos);
      (read2, {Fd,Size}) -> file:read(Fd, Size);
      (close, Fd) -> file:close(Fd)
   end</code>
        <p>Here <c>Fd</c> was specified to function <c>init/3</c> as:</p>
        <code>
{ok,Fd} = file:open(Name, ...).
{ok,TarDesc} = erl_tar:init(Fd, [write], ExampleFun),</code>
        <p><c>TarDesc</c> is then used:</p>
        <code>
erl_tar:add(TarDesc, SomeValueIwantToAdd, FileNameInTarFile),
...,
erl_tar:close(TarDesc)</code>
        <p>When the <c>erl_tar</c> core wants to, for example, write a piece
          of <c>Data</c>, it would call
          <c>ExampleFun(write, {UserPrivate,Data})</c>.</p>
        <note>
          <p>This example with the <c>file</c> module operations is
            not necessary to use directly, as that is what function
            <seealso marker="#open/2"><c>open/2</c></seealso> in principle
            does.</p>
        </note>
        <warning>
          <p>The <c>TarDescriptor</c> term is not a file descriptor. You are
            advised not to rely on the specific contents of this term, as it
            can change in future Erlang/OTP releases when more features are
            added to this module.</p>
        </warning>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name>open(Name, OpenModeList) -> RetValue</name>
      <fsummary>Open a tar file for writing.</fsummary>
      <type>
        <v>Name = filename()</v>
        <v>OpenModeList = [OpenMode]</v>
        <v>Mode = write|compressed|cooked</v>
        <v>RetValue = {ok,TarDescriptor}|{error,{Name,Reason}}</v>
        <v>TarDescriptor = term()</v>
        <v>Reason = term()</v>
      </type>
      <desc>
        <p>Creates a tar file for writing (any existing file with the same
          name is truncated).</p>
        <p>By convention, the name of a tar file is to end in "<c>.tar</c>".
          To abide to the convention, add "<c>.tar</c>" to the name.</p>
        <p>Except for the <c>write</c> atom, the following atoms
          can be added to <c>OpenModeList</c>:</p>
        <taglist>
          <tag><c>compressed</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>The entire tar file is compressed, as if it has been run
              through the <c>gzip</c> program. To abide to the convention
              that a compressed tar file is to end in "<c>.tar.gz</c>" or
              "<c>.tgz</c>", add the appropriate extension.</p>
          </item>
          <tag><c>cooked</c></tag>
          <item>
            <p>By default, the tar file is opened in <c>raw</c> mode, which is
              faster but does not allow a remote (Erlang) file server to be
              used. Adding <c>cooked</c> to the mode list overrides the
              default and opens the tar file without option <c>raw</c>.</p>
          </item>
        </taglist>
        <p>To add one file at the time into an opened tar file, use function
          <seealso marker="#add/3"><c>add/3,4</c></seealso>. When you are
          finished adding files, use function <seealso marker="#close/1">
          <c>close/1</c></seealso> to close the tar file.</p>
        <warning>
          <p>The <c>TarDescriptor</c> term is not a file descriptor. You are
            advised not to rely on the specific contents of this term, as it
            can change in future Erlang/OTP releases when more features are
            added to this module..</p>
        </warning>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name>table(Name) -> RetValue</name>
      <fsummary>Retrieve the name of all files in a tar file.</fsummary>
      <type>
        <v>Name = filename()|{binary,binary()}|{file,file_descriptor()}</v>
        <v>RetValue = {ok,[string()]}|{error,{Name,Reason}}</v>
        <v>Reason = term()</v>
      </type>
      <desc>
        <p>Retrieves the names of all files in the tar file <c>Name</c>.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name>table(Name, Options)</name>
      <fsummary>Retrieve name and information of all files in a tar file.
      </fsummary>
      <type>
        <v>Name = filename()|{binary,binary()}|{file,file_descriptor()}</v>
      </type>
      <desc>
        <p>Retrieves the names of all files in the tar file <c>Name</c>.</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name>t(Name)</name>
      <fsummary>Print the name of each file in a tar file.</fsummary>
      <type>
        <v>Name = filename()|{binary,binary()}|{file,file_descriptor()}</v>
      </type>
      <desc>
        <p>Prints the names of all files in the tar file <c>Name</c> to the
          Erlang shell (similar to "<c>tar&nbsp;t</c>").</p>
      </desc>
    </func>

    <func>
      <name>tt(Name)</name>
      <fsummary>Print name and information for each file in a tar file.
      </fsummary>
      <type>
        <v>Name = filename()|{binary,binary()}|{file,file_descriptor()}</v>
      </type>
      <desc>
        <p>Prints names and information about all files in the tar file
          <c>Name</c> to the Erlang shell (similar to "<c>tar&nbsp;tv</c>").</p>
      </desc>
    </func>
  </funcs>
</erlref>