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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE chapter SYSTEM "chapter.dtd">
<chapter>
<header>
<copyright>
<year>2002</year><year>2013</year>
<holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder>
</copyright>
<legalnotice>
The contents of this file are subject to the Erlang Public License,
Version 1.1, (the "License"); you may not use this file except in
compliance with the License. You should have received a copy of the
Erlang Public License along with this software. If not, it can be
retrieved online at http://www.erlang.org/.
Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS"
basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See
the License for the specific language governing rights and limitations
under the License.
</legalnotice>
<title>Writing Test Suites</title>
<prepared>Siri Hansen</prepared>
<docno></docno>
<date></date>
<rev></rev>
<file>write_test_chapter.xml</file>
</header>
<section>
<title>Support for test suite authors</title>
<p>The <c>test_server</c> module provides some useful functions
to support the test suite author. This includes:
</p>
<list type="bulleted">
<item>Starting and stopping slave or peer nodes</item>
<item>Capturing and checking stdout output</item>
<item>Retrieving and flushing process message queue</item>
<item>Watchdog timers</item>
<item>Checking that a function crashes</item>
<item>Checking that a function succeeds at least m out of n times</item>
<item>Checking .app files</item>
</list>
<p>Please turn to the reference manual for the <c>test_server</c>
module for details about these functions.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<title>Test suites</title>
<p>A test suite is an ordinary Erlang module that contains test
cases. It's recommended that the module has a name on the form
*_SUITE.erl. Otherwise, the directory function will not find the
modules (by default).
</p>
<p>For some of the test server support, the test server include
file <c>test_server.hrl</c> must be included. Never include it
with the full path, for portability reasons. Use the compiler
include directive instead.
</p>
<p>The special function <c>all(suite)</c> in each module is called
to get the test specification for that module. The function
typically returns a list of test cases in that module, but any
test specification could be returned. Please see the chapter
about test specifications for details about this.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<title>Init per test case</title>
<p>In each test suite module, the functions
<c>init_per_testcase/2</c> and <c>end_per_testcase/2</c> must be
implemented.
</p>
<p><c>init_per_testcase</c> is called before each test case in the
test suite, giving a (limited) possibility for initialization.
</p>
<p><c>end_per_testcase/2</c> is called after each test case is
completed, giving a possibility to clean up.
</p>
<p>The first argument to these functions is the name of the test
case. This can be used to do individual initialization and cleanup for
each test cases.
</p>
<p>The second argument is a list of tuples called
<c>Config</c>. The first element in a <c>Config</c> tuple
should be an atom - a key value to be used for searching.
<c>init_per_testcase/2</c> may modify the <c>Config</c>
parameter or just return it as is. Whatever is retuned by
<c>init_per_testcase/2</c> is given as <c>Config</c> parameter to
the test case itself.
</p>
<p>The return value of <c>end_per_testcase/2</c> is ignored by the
test server.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<title>Test cases</title>
<p>The smallest unit that the test server is concerned with is a
test case. Each test case can in turn test many things, for
example make several calls to the same interface function with
different parameters.
</p>
<p>It is possible to put many or few tests into each test
case. How many things each test case tests is up to the author,
but here are some things to keep in mind.
</p>
<p>Very small test cases often leads to more code, since
initialization has to be duplicated. Larger code, especially with
a lot of duplication, increases maintenance and reduces
readability.
</p>
<p>Larger test cases make it harder to tell what went wrong if it
fails, and force us to skip larger portions of test code if a
specific part fails. These effects are accentuated when running on
multiple platforms because test cases often have to be skipped.
</p>
<p>A test case generally consists of three parts, the
documentation part, the specification part and the execution
part. These are implemented as three clauses of the same function.
</p>
<p>The documentation clause matches the argument '<c>doc</c>' and
returns a list for strings describing what the test case tests.
</p>
<p>The specification clause matches the argument '<c>suite</c>'
and returns the test specification for this particular test
case. If the test specification is an empty list, this indicates
that the test case is a leaf test case, i.e. one to be executed.
</p>
<p>The execution clause implements the actual test case. It takes
one argument, <c>Config</c>, which contain configuration
information like <c>data_dir</c> and <c>priv_dir</c>. See <seealso marker="#data_priv_dir">Data and Private Directories</seealso> for
more information about these.
</p>
<p>The <c>Config</c> variable can also contain the
<c>nodenames</c> key, if requested by the <c>require_nodenames</c>
command in the test suite specification file. All <c>Config</c>
items should be extracted using the <c>?config</c> macro. This is
to ensure future compatibility if the <c>Config</c> format
changes. See the reference manual for <c>test_server</c> for
details about this macro.
</p>
<p>If the execution clause crashes or exits, it is considered a
failure. If it returns <c>{skip,Reason}</c>, the test case is
considered skipped. If it returns <c>{comment,String}</c>,
the string will be added in the 'Comment' field on the HTML
result page. If the execution clause returns anything else, it is
considered a success, unless it is <c>{'EXIT',Reason}</c> or
<c>{'EXIT',Pid,Reason}</c> which can't be distinguished from a
crash, and thus will be considered a failure.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<marker id="data_priv_dir"></marker>
<title>Data and Private Directories</title>
<p>The data directory (<c>data_dir</c>) is the directory where the test
module has its own files needed for the testing. A compiler test
case may have source files to feed into the compiler, a release
upgrade test case may have some old and new release of
something. A graphics test case may have some icons and a test
case doing a lot of math with bignums might store the correct
answers there. The name of the <c>data_dir</c> is the the name of
the test suite and then "_data". For example,
<c>"some_path/foo_SUITE.beam"</c> has the data directory
<c>"some_path/foo_SUITE_data/"</c>.
</p>
<p>The <c>priv_dir</c> is the test suite's private directory. This
directory should be used when a test case needs to write to
files. The name of the private directory is generated by the test
server, which also creates the directory.
</p>
<p><em>Warning:</em> Do not depend on current directory to be
writable, or to point to anything in particular. All scratch files
are to be written in the <c>priv_dir</c>, and all data files found
in <c>data_dir</c>. If the current directory has to be something
specific, it must be set with <c>file:set_cwd/1</c>.
</p>
</section>
<section>
<title>Execution environment</title>
<p>Each time a test case is about to be executed, a new process is
created with <c>spawn_link</c>. This is so that the test case will
have no dependencies to earlier tests, with respect to process flags,
process links, messages in the queue, other processes having registered
the process, etc. As little as possible is done to change the initial
context of the process (what is created by plain spawn). Here is a
list of differences:
</p>
<list type="bulleted">
<item>It has a link to the test server. If this link is removed,
the test server will not know when the test case is finished,
just wait infinitely.
</item>
<item>It often holds a few items in the process dictionary, all
with names starting with '<c>test_server_</c>'. This is to keep
track of if/where a test case fails.
</item>
<item>There is a top-level catch. All of the test case code is
catched, so that the location of a crash can be reported back to
the test server. If the test case process is killed by another
process (thus the catch code is never executed) the test server
is not able to tell where the test case was executing.
</item>
<item>It has a special group leader implemented by the test
server. This way the test server is able to capture the io that
the test case provokes. This is also used by some of the test
server support functions.
</item>
</list>
<p>There is no time limit for a test case, unless the test case
itself imposes such a limit, by calling
<c>test_server:timetrap/1</c> for example. The call can be made
in each test case, or in the <c>init_per_testcase/2</c>
function. Make sure to call the corresponding
<c>test_server:timetrap_cancel/1</c> function as well, e.g in the
<c>end_per_testcase/2</c> function, or else the test cases will
always fail.
</p>
</section>
</chapter>
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